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@article{2005georl..3222804d,
author = {{Dwyer}, J.~R. and {Smith}, D.~M.},
title = {{A comparison between Monte Carlo simulations of runaway
breakdown and terrestrial gamma-ray flash observations}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = nov,
volume = 32,
pages = {22804-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL023848},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3222804D&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{2005georl..3222807t,
author = {{Thomas}, J.~N. and {Holzworth}, R.~H. and {McCarthy},
M.~P. and {Pinto}, O.},
title = {{Lightning sferics and stroke-delayed pulses measured in
the stratosphere: Implications for mesospheric currents}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = nov,
volume = 32,
pages = {22807-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL024629},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3222807T&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{allen2000,
author = {Allen, D. and Pickering, K. and Stenchikov, G. and Thompson, A. and Kondo, Y.},
title = {A three-dimensional total odd nitrogen (NO$_y$) simulation during SONEX},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D3},
year = {2000},
pages = {3851--76},
abstract = {
The relative importance of various odd nitrogen (NO$_y$) sources
}
}
@article{allen2002,
author = {Allen, D. J. and Pickering, K. E.},
title = {Evaluation of lightning flash rate parameterizations for use in a global},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {D23},
year = {2002},
pages = {ACH15--1-21},
abstract = {
Model simulations of tropospheric O$_3$ require an accurate specification
}
}
@article{anisimov1999,
author = {Anisimov, S. V. and Mareev, E. A. and Bakastov, S. S.},
title = {On the generation and evolution of aeroelectric structures
in the surface},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {D12},
year = {1999},
pages = {14359--67},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{armstrong2000,
author = {Armstrong, R. A. and Suszcynsky, D. M. and Lyons, W. A.
and Nelson, T. E.},
title = {Multi-color photometric measurements of ionization and
energies in sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
year = {2000},
pages = {653--6},
abstract = { Recent time-resolved multi-color photometric data
obtained on one class of lightning-related transient
upper-atmospheric electromagnetic events called sprites
have confirmed an impulsive ionization emission during the
sprite initiation. Data have also been obtained on some
sprites which do not exhibit observable tendrils and which
exhibit ionization emission that, if present, is below the
authors' detection limit. This suggests that some sprite
events exhibit strong ionization while others do not. These
results indicate that conditions causing sprite optical
emissions are highly variable. }
}
@article{arrayas2002,
author = {Arrayas, M. and Ebert, U. and Hundsdorfer, W.},
title = {Spontaneous branching of anode-directed streamers between planar electrodes},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
volume = {88},
number = {17},
year = {2002},
pages = {174502--1-4}
}
@article{arrayas2004pre,
author = {Arrayas, M. and Ebert, U.},
title = {Stability of negative ionization fronts: regularization by electric},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {69},
number = {},
year = {2004},
pages = {}
}
@article{babich1,
author = {Babich, L. P. and Kutsyk, I. M. and Kudryavtsev, A. Yu.
and Mozgovoi, A. L.},
title = {The effect of the geomagnetic field on the development of
the upward atmospheric discharge},
journal = {XXIII International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized
Gases, ICPIG Proceedings. Contributed Papers},
volume = {1},
year = {1},
abstract = { Roussel-Dupre and Gurevich have developed a theory of
gigantic atmospheric discharges directed upward from
thundercloud tops into the Earth's stratosphere (1996).
Formation of relativistic runaway electron avalanche
initiated by cosmic-ray showers within the space domain of
a thunderstorm electric field, is the heart of the theory.
The theory allowed one to treat the origin of wide columns
of light radiance observed repeatedly above thunderclouds.
These light phenomena are known as }
}
@article{barringtonleigh1999,
author = {Barrington Leigh, C. P. and Inan, U. S. and Stanley, M. and
Cummer, S. A.},
title = {Sprites triggered by negative lightning discharges},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {24},
year = {1999},
pages = {3605--8},
abstract = { High altitude air breakdown, manifested as }
}
@article{barringtonleigh2001,
author = {Barrington Leigh, C. P. and Inan, U. S. and Stanley, M.},
title = {Identification of sprites and elves with intensified video
and broadband},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {A2},
year = {2001},
pages = {1741--50},
abstract = { Confusion in the interpretation of s andard-speed video
observations of }
}
@article{barringtonleigh2002,
author = {Barrington Leigh, C. P. and Pasko, V. P. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {Exponential relaxation of optical emissions in sprites},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {A5},
year = {2002},
pages = {SIA6--1-6-11},
abstract = { The optical emissions in a large number of bright sprites
observed over one }
}
@article{bedard1999asaj,
author = {{Bedard}, A.~J.},
title = {{Naturally occurring sources of infrasound }},
journal = {Acoustical Society of America Journal},
year = 1999,
month = {February},
volume = 105,
pages = {1103-+},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1999ASAJ..105R1103B&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{bell1995rs,
author = {Bell, T. F. and Inan, U. S. and Reising, S. C. and Rodriguez, J.
V.},
title = {VLF signatures of ionospheric heating by HIPAS},
journal = {Radio Sci.},
volume = {30},
year = {1995},
abstract = { Summary form only given, as follows. The amplitude and
phase of }
}
@article{bell1998,
author = {Bell, T. F. and Reising, S. C. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {Intense continuing currents following positive
cloud-to-ground lightning},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {25},
number = {8},
year = {1998},
pages = {1285--8},
abstract = { In July-August, 1996, Stanford University carried out
broad and ELF/VLF }
}
@article{belyaev2006asr,
author = {A.N. Belyaev and V.V. Alpatov and E. Blanc and V.E. Melnikov},
title = {Space-based observations of {O2 A (0,0)} band emission near the solar terminator and their interpretation},
journal = {Adv.\ Space Res.},
year = 2006,
note = {In press}
}
@article{bering2002grl,
author = {Bering, E. A. , III and Benbrook, J. R. and Garrett, J. A. and
Paredes, A. M. and E.M. Wescott and
D.R. Moudry and D.D. Sentman and H.C. Stenbaeck-Nielsen and W.A. Lyons},
title = {The electrodynamics of sprites},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
volume = {29},
number = {5},
year = {2002},
pages = {8--1-4},
abstract = { A balloon campaign was conducted in boreal summer 1999 to
measure the }
}
@article{berntsen1999tellus,
author = {Berntsen, T. K. and Isaksen, I. S. A.},
title = {Effects of lightning and convection on changes in tropospheric ozone due to},
journal = {Tellus, Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
volume = {51B},
number = {4},
year = {1999},
pages = {766},
abstract = {
A global 3-dimensional chemical tracer model (CTM) has been used to
}
}
@article{biazar1995,
author = {Biazar, A. P. and McNider, R. T.},
title = {Regional estimates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {100},
number = {D11},
year = {1995},
pages = {22861--74},
abstract = {
Summertime distribution of lightning over the United States and the
}
}
@article{blanc2004jgr,
author = {{Blanc}, E. and {Farges}, T. and {Roche}, R. and {Brebion}, D. and
{Hua}, T. and {Labarthe}, A. and {Melnikov}, V.},
title = {{Nadir observations of sprites from the International Space Station}},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 2004,
month = {February},
volume = 109,
number = {A18},
pages = {2306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2003JA009972},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004JGRA..10902306B&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{boeck1998,
author = {Boeck, W. L. and Vaughan, O. H. , Jr. and Blakeslee, R. J.
and Vonnegut, B. and Brook, M.},
title = {The role of the space shuttle videotapes in the discovery
of sprites, jets and elves},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {7--9},
year = {1998},
pages = {669--77},
abstract = { The sequence of videotape observations of the upper
atmospheric optical flashes called sprites, jets, starters,
and ELVES are described in the successive phases of search,
discovery, confirmation, and exploration for the years
before 1993. Although there were credible eyewitness
accounts from ground observers and pilots, these reports
did not inspire a systematic search for hard evidence of
such phenomena. The science community would instead wait
for serendipitous observations to move the leading edge of
this science forward. The phenomenon, now known as a
sprite, was first accidentally documented on ground based
videotape recordings on the night of 6 July, 1989. Video
observations from the space shuttle acquired from 1989-1991
provided 17 additional examples to confirm the existence of
the sprite phenomenon. Successful video observations from a
mountain ridge by Lyons, starting on 7 July, 1993, and
night-time aircraft video observations by Sentman and
Wescott on 8 July, 1993 established the basic science of
the sprite phenomena by acquiring and analyzing data based
on hundreds of new events. The 1994 Sprites campaign and
the video entitled }
}
@article{bond2001,
author = {Bond, D. W. and Zhang, R. and Xuexi Tie and Brasseur, G. and Huffines, G. and Orville, R.},
title = {NO$_x$ production by lightning over the continental United States},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {D21},
year = {2001},
pages = {27701--10},
abstract = {
The production of NO/sub x/ by lightning over the contiguous United States
}
}
@article{bradshaw2000,
author = {Bradshaw, J. and Davis, D. and Grodzinsky, G. and Smyth, S. and Newell, R. and Sandholm, S.T. and Singh, H. B. and Blake, D. R. and Blake, N. J. and Atlas, E. and Flocke,-F.},
title = {Observed distributions of nitrogen oxides in the remote free troposphere},
journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
year = {2000},
pages = {61--116},
abstract = {
Discusses NO/sub x/ together with associated chemically coupled species in
}
}
@article{brundell2002,
author = {Brundell, J. B. and Rodger, C. J. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {Validation of single-station lightning location technique},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {37},
number = {4},
year = {2002},
pages = {12--1-9},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{brunner1998,
author = {Brunner, D. and Staehelin, J. and Jeker, D.},
title = {Large-scale nitrogen oxide plumes in the tropopause region and implications},
journal = {Science },
volume = {282},
number = {5392},
year = {1998},
pages = {1305--9},
abstract = {
Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxide and ozone were performed from a
}
}
@article{bucsela2003,
author = {Bucsela, E and Morrill, J and Heavner, M and Siefring, C
and Berg, S and Hampton, D and Moudry, D and Wescott, E and
Sentman, D},
title = { N-2(B-3 Pi(g)) and N-2(+)(A(2) Pi(u)) vibrational
distributions observed 2 in sprites },
journal = {JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {583--590},
abstract = { A pair of spectra taken simultaneously by two different
ground-based instruments has been analyzed by our group. As
with previous observations, the spectra are composed
primarily of the N-2 first positive group (1PG) (B(3)Pi(g)
- A(3)Sigma(u)(+)). In a previous study, we compared the
N-2(B) vibrational distributions from the spectral analysis
with those resulting from a time-dependent kinetic model of
N-2 triplet excited state populations. Both spectra reflect
emission between 50 and 60 km. The higher-attitude spectrum
is primarily 1PG but also shows the presence of features
which appear to be N-2(+) Meinel (A(2) Pi(u) -
X(2)Sigma(g)(+)). The lower-attitude spectrum shows little
or none of the apparent Meinel emission but has an N-2(B)
vibrational distribution similar to ones observed in
laboratory afterglows. In this paper we discuss the
apparent presence of the Meinel emission and present the
observed N-2(B) vibrational distributions. (C) 2003
Elsevier Science Ltd. All ! }
}
@article{budtzjorgensen2001,
author = {Budtz Jorgensen, C. and Kuvvetli, I. and Westergaard, N.
J. and Jonasson, P. and Reglero, V. and Eyles, C.},
title = {The X-ray imager on AXO},
journal = {Nuclear Instruments \& Methods in Physics Research,
Section A Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and
Associated Equipment},
volume = {458},
number = {1--2},
year = {2001},
pages = {132--9},
abstract = { DSRI has initiated a development program of CZT X-ray and
gamma-ray detectors employing strip readout techniques. A
dramatic improvement of the energy response was found
operating the detectors as the so-called drift detectors.
For the electronic readout, modern ASIC chips were
investigated. Modular design and the low-power electronics
will make large area detectors using the drift strip method
feasible. The performance of a prototype CZT system will be
presented and discussed. One such detector system has been
proposed for future space missions: the X-Ray Imager (XRI)
on the Atmospheric X-ray Observatory (AXO), which is a
mission proposed to the Danish Small Satellite Program and
is dedicated to observations of X-ray generating processes
in the Earth's atmosphere, Of special interest will be
simultaneous optical and X-ray observations of sprites that
are flashes appearing directly above an active thunderstorm
system. Additional objective is a detailed mapping of the
auroral X-ray and optical emission, XRI comprises a coded
mask and a 20*40 cm/sup 2/ CZT detector array covering an
energy range from 5 to 200 keV. }
}
@article{chang1995grl,
author = {{Chang}, B. and {Price}, C.},
title = {{Can gamma radiation be produced in the electrical environment above thunderstorms?}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 1995,
month = may,
volume = 22,
pages = {1117-1120},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1995GeoRL..22.1117C&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{cheng2005grl,
author = {Zhenggang Cheng and Steven A. Cummer},
title = {Broadband {VLF} measurements of lightning-induced ionospheric perturbations},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
pages = {L08804},
note = {doi:10.1029/2004GL022187}
}
@article{cho1998,
author = {Mengu Cho and Rycroft, M. J.},
title = {Computer simulation of the electric field structure and
optical emission from cloud-top to the ionosphere},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {7--9},
year = {1998},
pages = {871--88},
abstract = { Computer simulations are carried out to study the
`sprite' onset mechanism. Both electrostatic and
electromagnetic codes are developed to calculate the
electric field structure and optical emission intensity
between the top of the thundercloud and the ionosphere. The
optical emission is composed of two structures. One peaks
at 70 km height and its lateral dimension is 50-60 km and
the other peaks at 90 km height and the lateral dimension
extends beyond 200 km. It is found that the nitrogen first
positive band, which has a red colour, dominates over the
nitrogen second positive band except at the bottom of the
optical emission. The upper part of the optical emission is
caused by a horizontally travelling electromagnetic pulse
induced by a lightning discharge current. The lower
structure is caused by electrostatic effects induced by the
unneutralized charge left after the lightning discharge
current flows. The electromagnetic codes developed can
simulate the self-consistent response of the upper
atmosphere to the lightning discharge current. The
electrostatic treatment can predict only the optical
emission at heights less than ~80 km. The optical emission
intensity has a strong nonlinear dependence on the electric
field strength through the enhanced electron density, and
is increased for a long discharge path, a large current,
and a short pulse. Also, the higher the lightning discharge
is initiated, the brighter the optical emission is, because
the electrostatic field is stronger for high altitude
lightning. }
}
@article{cho2001,
author = {Cho, M and Rycroft, MJ},
title = { Non-uniform ionisation of the upper atmosphere due to the
electromagnetic pulse from a horizontal lightning discharge
},
journal = {JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS},
volume = {63},
number = {6},
year = {2001},
pages = {559--580},
abstract = { The purpose of this paper is to model numerically the
ionisation created in the mesosphere above a strong
horizontal (cloud-to-cloud) lightning discharge, and thus
to understand better the formation of elves and related
columniform (spatially structured) sprites. Such ionisation
depends upon height, via the ratio of the VLF/LF wave
electric field (radiated by the current in the discharge)
to the atmospheric neutral density. The simulation shows
local maxima on the order of 10 km apart due to the
interference between direct waves radiated by the discharge
current, waves reflected by the ground and waves reflected
by the ionosphere. Parametric studies are carried out
varying the frequency, amplitude, height, length and
duration of the current. For waves greater than or equal to
30 kHz generated by a current greater than or equal to 50
kA, localised peaks of electron density occur from 75 to 85
km altitude, particularly for discharges longer than 15 km.
From such peaks, time! }
}
@article{cook2000,
author = {Cook, D. R. and Liaw, Y. P. and Sisterson, D. L. and Miller, N. L.},
title = {Production of nitrogen oxides by a large spark generator},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D6},
year = {2000},
pages = {7103--10},
abstract = {
A large spark generator was used outdoors to determine the production of
}
}
@article{crawford2000,
author = {Crawford, J. and Davis, D. and Olson, J. and Chen, G. and Liu, S. and Fuelberg, H. and Hannan, J. and Kondo, Y. and Anderson, B. and Gregory, G. and Sachse, G. and Talbot,-R. and Viggiano,
A. and Heikes, B. and Snow, J. and Singh, H. and Blake, D.},
title = {Evolution and chemical consequences of lightning-produced NO/sub x/ observed},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D15},
year = {2000},
pages = {19795--809},
abstract = {
Airborne observations of NO during the Subsonics Assessment Ozone and
}
}
@article{cummer1997,
author = {Cummer, S. A. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {Measurement of charge transfer in sprite-producing
lightning using ELF radio},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {14},
year = {1997},
pages = {1731--4},
abstract = { Transient high altitude optical emissions referred to as}
}
@article{cummer1998,
author = {Cummer, S. A. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F. and Barrington
Leigh, C. P.},
title = {ELF radiation produced by electrical currents in sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {25},
number = {8},
year = {1998},
pages = {1281--4},
abstract = { Measurements of ELF-radiating currents associated with
sprite-producing }
}
@article{cummer1999,
author = {Cummer, S. A. and Stanley, M.},
title = {Submillisecond resolution lightning currents and sprite
development:},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {20},
year = {1999},
pages = {3205--8},
abstract = { We analyze synchronized high speed video images and
ELF-VLF radio emissions }
}
@article{cummer2000,
author = {Cummer, S. A. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {Modeling ELF radio atmospheric propagation and extracting
lightning currents},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
year = {2000},
pages = {385--94},
abstract = { Observations of extremely low frequency (ELF) radio
atmospherics (sferics), }
}
@article{cummer2003,
author = {Cummer, S. A.},
title = {Current moment in sprite-producing lightning},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {499},
abstract = { Studies of sprite-producing lightning have revealed much
of what we }
}
@article{decaria2000,
author = {DeCaria, A. J. and Pickering, K. E. and Stenchikov, G. L. and Scala, J. R. and Stith, J.},
title = {A cloud-scale model study of lightning-generated NO/sub x/ in an individual},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D9},
year = {2000},
pages = {11601--16},
abstract = {
Understanding lightning NO/sub x/ (NO+NO/sub 2/) production on the cloud
}
}
@article{delamere1996,
author = {Delamere, P. A. and Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C. and Hampton, D.
L. and Wescott, E. M.},
title = {Optical observations of the early (t<5 s) ion dynamics of
the CRRES G1, G9 },
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {A8},
year = {1996},
pages = {17243--57},
abstract = { Video images of the CRRES G1, G9, and G11A barium
releases made at 400-500 }
}
@article{dowden1996,
author = {Dowden, R. and Brundell, J. and Rodger, C. and Mochanov, O. and
Lyons, W. and Nelson, T.},
title = {The structure of red sprites determined by VLF scattering},
journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
volume = {38},
number = {3},
year = {1996},
pages = {7--15},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{dowden1996grl,
author = {{Dowden}, R.~L. and {Brundell}, J.~B. and {Lyons}, W.~A. and
{Nelson}, T.},
title = {Detection and location of red sprites by {VLF} scattering of subionospheric transmissions},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 1996,
volume = 23,
pages = {1737--1740},
doi = {10.1029/96GL01697},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996GeoRL..23.1737D&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{dowden1996jgr,
author = {{Dowden}, R.~L. and {Brundell}, J.~B. and {Lyons}, W.~A.},
title = {Are {VLF} rapid onset, rapid decay perturbations produced by scattering off sprite plasma?},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 1996,
volume = 101,
number = {.10},
pages = {19175--19184},
doi = {10.1029/96JD01346},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996JGR...10119175D&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{dowden1997,
author = {Dowden, R. L. and Brundell, J. B. and Rodger, C. J.},
title = {Temporal evolution of very strong Trimpis observed at
Darwin, Australia},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {19},
year = {1997},
pages = {2419--22},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{dowden1997b,
author = {Dowden, R. L. and Rodger, C. J.},
title = {Decay of a vertical plasma column: a model to explain VLF
sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {22},
year = {1997},
pages = {2765--8},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{dowden1997c,
author = {Dowden, R. L. and Rodger, C. J.},
title = {A vertical-plasma-slab model for determining the lower
limit to plasma},
journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
volume = {39},
number = {2},
year = {1997},
pages = {44--53},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{dowden1998,
author = {Dowden, R. L. and Hardman, S. F. and Rodger, C. J. and Brundell,
J. B.},
title = {Logarithmic decay and Doppler shift of plasma associated
with sprites},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {1998},
year = {1998}
}
@article{dowden2001,
author = {Dowden, R. L. and Rodger, C. J. and Nunn, D.},
title = {Minimum sprite plasma density as determined by VLF
scattering},
journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
volume = {43},
number = {2},
year = {2001},
pages = {12--24}
}
@article{dowden2001b,
author = {Dowden, R. and Rodger, C. and Brundell, J. and Clilverd, M.},
title = {Decay of whistler-induced electron precipitation and
cloud-ionosphere},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
year = {2001},
pages = {151--69},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{dowden2002,
author = {Dowden, R. L. and Brundell, J. B. and Rodger, C. J.},
title = {VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at
multiple sites},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {64},
number = {7},
year = {2002},
pages = {817--30},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{dwyer2004bgrl,
author = {J.R. Dwyer and H.K. Rassoul and M. Al-Dayeh and L. Caraway and B. Wright and A. Chrest and M.A. Uman and V.A. Rakov and K.J. Rambo and D.M. Jordan and J. Jerauld and C. Smyth},
title = {A ground level gamma ray burst observed in association with rocket-triggered lightning},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2004,
volume = 31,
note = {doi:10.1029/2003GL018771}
}
@article{dwyer2005grl,
author = {{Dwyer}, J.~R. and {Rassoul}, H.~K. and {Al-Dayeh}, M. and {Caraway}, L. and
{Chrest}, A. and {Wright}, B. and {Kozak}, E. and {Jerauld}, J. and
{Uman}, M.~A. and {Rakov}, V.~A. and {Jordan}, D.~M. and {Rambo}, K.~J.
},
title = {{X-ray bursts associated with leader steps in cloud-to-ground lightning}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = {January},
volume = 32,
pages = {1803-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL021782},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3201803D&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{dwyer2005grlb,
author = {{Dwyer}, J.~R.},
title = {The initiation of lightning by runaway air breakdown},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = oct,
volume = 32,
pages = {20808-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL023975},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3220808D&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{ebert1996,
author = {Ebert, U. and Van Saarloos, W. and Caroli, C.},
title = {Streamer propagation as a pattern formation problem: planar fronts},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
volume = {77},
number = {20},
year = {1996},
pages = {4178--81},
abstract = {
Streamers often constitute the first stage of dielectric breakdown in strong
}
}
@article{ebert1997pre,
author = {Ebert, U. and Van Saarloos, W. and Caroli, C.},
title = {Propagation and structure of planar streamer fronts},
journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
volume = {55},
number = {},
year = {1997},
pages = {},
abstract = {
Streamers are a mode of dielectric breakdown of a gas in a strong electric
}
}
@article{ehhalt1992,
author = {Ehhalt, D. H. and Rohrer, F. and Wahner, A.},
title = {Sources and distribution of NO/sub x/ in the upper troposphere at northern},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {97},
number = {D4},
year = {1992},
pages = {3725--38},
abstract = {
A simple quasi-two-dimensional model is used to study the zonal distribution
}
}
@article{ely2005grl,
author = {{Ely}, B.~L. and {Orville}, R.~E.},
title = {High percentage of positive lightning along the {USA} west coast},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = may,
volume = 32,
pages = {9815-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL022782},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3209815E&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{farges2003jastp,
author = {{Farges}, T. and {Le Pichon}, A. and {Blanc}, E. and {Perez}, S. and
{Alcoverro}, B.},
title = {{Response of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere to the eclipse of August 11, 1999}},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
year = 2003,
month = apr,
volume = 65,
pages = {717-726},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003JATP...65..717F&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{flatoy1997,
author = {Flatoy, F. and Hov, O.},
title = {NO/sub x/ from lightning and the calculated chemical composition of the free},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {D17},
year = {1997},
pages = {21373--81},
abstract = {
In the free troposphere, injection from the stratosphere, emissions at the
}
}
@article{franzblau1989,
author = {Franzblau, E. and Popp, C. J.},
title = {Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {94},
number = {D8},
year = {1989},
pages = {11089--104},
abstract = {
Independent measurements of nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x/=NO+NO/sub 2/) were
}
}
@article{fukunishi1997grl,
author = {{Fukunishi}, H. and {Takahashi}, Y. and {Sato}, M. and {Shono}, A. and
{Fujito}, M. and {Watanabe}, Y.},
title = {{Ground-based observations of ULF transients excited by strong lightning discharges producing elves and sprites}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 1997,
month = dec,
volume = 24,
pages = {2973-2976},
doi = {10.1029/97GL03022},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.2973F&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{fullekrug1996,
author = {Fullekrug, M. and Reising, S. C. and Lyons, W. A.},
title = {On the accuracy of arrival azimuth determination of
sprite-associated},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {25},
year = {1996},
pages = {3691--4},
abstract = { Horizontal magnetic field variations in the frequency
range of the Earth }
}
@article{fullekrug1998,
author = {Fullekrug, M. and Fraser Smith, A. C. and Reising, S. C.},
title = {Ultra-slow tails of sprite-associated lightning flashes},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {25},
number = {18},
year = {1998},
pages = {3497--500},
abstract = { The authors describe the terrestrial excitation of
horizontal magnetic field }
}
@article{fullekrug2001,
author = {Fullekrug, M. and Moudry, D. R. and Dawes, G. and Sentman,
D. D.},
title = {Mesospheric sprite current triangulation},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {D17},
year = {2001},
pages = {20189--94},
abstract = { A network of three time-synchronized high-precision
induction coil magnetometers is installed in North America
to measure sprite-associated lightning flash waveforms in
the frequency range 0.1-1000 Hz during the Energetics of
Upper Atmosphere Excitation by Lightning 1998 sprite
campaign in July 1998. Simultaneous intensified video
observations on board an aircraft are used to investigate
16 sprites with long time delays >33.33 ms relative to the
parent lightning discharge reported by the National
Lightning Detection Network. Three different long-delayed
sprite-associated waveforms can be distinguished: 38\% do
not exhibit any significant magnetic intensity variation,
25\% exhibit slow variations ~100 ms, and 25\% exhibit short
pulses ~4 ms. The source locations of the sprite-associated
short pulses are triangulated by use of arrival time
difference analysis. One source location exhibits a
substantial spatial displacement ~60 km relative to the
parent lightning discharge, in agreement with the azimuths
of sprite luminosity edges determined from the
corresponding background star field of the video
observations on board the aircraft. It is concluded from
the temporal and spatial coincidence of the secondary short
pulse and the sprite luminosity that this particular sprite
is associated with current in the mesosphere. }
}
@article{fullekrug2005grl,
author = {{F{\"u}llekrug}, M.},
title = {Detection of thirteen resonances of radio waves from particularly intense lightning discharges},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = jul,
volume = 32,
pages = {13809-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL023028},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3213809F&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{gerken2000,
author = {Gerken, E. A. and Inan, U. S. and Barrington Leigh, C. P.},
title = {Telescopic imaging of sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {27},
number = {17},
year = {2000},
pages = {2637--40},
abstract = { Telescopic images of sprites show a wide variety of
generally vertical but also slanted fine structure,
including branching tree-like shapes and well defined but
isolated columns, with transverse spatial scales ranging
from tens of meters to a few hundred meters at ~60-85 km
altitude. Simultaneous analysis of radio atmospheric and
lightning data indicates that specific columnar regions are
selectively excited by successive discharges. }
}
@article{gerken2002,
author = {Gerken, E. A. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {A survey of streamer and diffuse glow dynamics observed in
sprites using},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {A11},
year = {2002},
pages = {SIA4--1-12},
abstract = { While the fine structure in sprites can assume a wide
variety of shapes, }
}
@article{gerken2003,
author = {Gerken, E. A. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {Observations of decameter-scale morphologies in sprites},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {567},
abstract = { Using telescopic imaging it is observed that sprite
morphologies such as }
}
@article{gomes1998,
author = {Gomes, C. and Cooray, V.},
title = {Long impulse currents associated with positive return
strokes},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {7--9},
year = {1998},
pages = {693--9},
abstract = { Long distant electric fields (400-500 km), generated by
26 positive cloud-to-ground flashes, were analysed. These
flashes consist of well detectable long impulse fields
subsequent to the initial peak. These hook-shaped slow
fields are of considerable amplitude and have a mean
duration of 1.24 ms. The amplitude of the long impulse
field and the initial peak of the field show an
approximately linear relationship. The long impulse current
pertinent to positive return strokes which give rise to the
measured long impulse fields were estimated. Flashes with
these slow fields lower a mean charge of 50 C within the
first 3 ms (excluding the first 100 mu s which contains the
initial peak), whereas the maximum charge lowered is 124 C.
The mean of the ratio between the peak of the long impulse
field and the initial peak is 41\%. The authors also
estimated the fields that will be generated by the long
impulse currents at distances of 1000 km, 3000 km and 5000
km from the strike. The estimated peak magnetic fields at
5000 km have a mean of 52 pT. The peak magnetic fields
observed at distances of about 5000 km from positive
lightning flashes, which were associated with red sprites,
are in the same range as the peak magnetic fields that the
authors have calculated for the above 26 flashes. Hence the
authors conclude that the observed Q-bursts which coincide
with the occurrence of red sprites are due to the long
impulse currents of positive return strokes. This slow
field variation is rarely observed in connection with
negative return strokes. Even when it is present, in the
event of a negative return stroke, the amplitude and the
duration of the tail are much less than those of its
counterpart in positive return strokes. This explains why
ionospheric lightning is predominantly associated with
positive return strokes but not with negative return
strokes. }
}
@article{greenberg2004jgr,
author = {{Greenberg}, E. and {Price}, C.},
title = {{A global lightning location algorithm based on the electromagnetic signature in the Schumann resonance band}},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 2004,
month = nov,
volume = 109,
number = {D18},
pages = {21111-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD004845},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004JGRD..10921111G&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{gurevich1985,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Dimant, Ya. S. and Milikh, G. M. and
Vas'kov, V. V.},
title = {Multiple acceleration of electrons in the regions of
high-power radio-wave},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {47},
number = {11},
year = {1985},
pages = {1057--70},
abstract = { In a rarefied plasma electron acceleration under the
influence of an HF wave }
}
@article{gurevich1992,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Milikh, G. M. and Roussel Dupre, R.},
title = {Runaway electron mechanism of air breakdown and
preconditioning during a},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {165},
number = {5--6},
year = {1992},
pages = {463--8},
abstract = { The possibility is considered of an avalanche-type
increase of the number of }
}
@article{gurevich1994,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Milikh, G. M. and Roussel Dupre, R. A.},
title = {Nonuniform runaway air-breakdown},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {187},
number = {2},
year = {1994},
pages = {197--203},
abstract = { The spatial structure of an individual runaway breakdown
pulse, stimulated }
}
@article{gurevich1996,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Valdivia, J. A. and Milikh, G. M. and
Papadopoulos, K.},
title = {Runaway electrons in the atmosphere in the presence of a
magnetic field},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
year = {1996},
pages = {1541--54},
abstract = { This paper generalizes the theory of the electron runaway
and runaway }
}
@article{gurevich1997,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Milikh, G. M. and Valdivia, J. A.},
title = {Model of X-ray emission and fast preconditioning during a
thunderstorm},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {231},
number = {5--6},
year = {1997},
pages = {402--8},
abstract = { A quantitative self-consistent model of the processes
determined by the }
}
@article{gurevich1997b,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Milikh, G. M.},
title = {Artificial airglow due to modifications of the ionosphere
by powerful radio},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {A1},
year = {1997},
pages = {389--94},
abstract = { A new model of artificial airglow due to ionospheric
modification is }
}
@article{gurevich1997c,
author = {Gurevich, A. V. and Milikh, G. M.and Valdivia, J. A.},
title = {Model of X-ray emission and fast preconditioning during a
thunderstorm},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {231},
number = {5--6},
year = {1997},
pages = {402--8},
abstract = { A quantitative self-consistent model of the processes
determined by the }
}
@article{hardman1998,
author = {Hardman, S. F. and Rodger, C. J. and Dowden, R. L. and Brundell,
J. B.},
title = {Measurements of the VLF scattering pattern of the
structured plasma of red},
journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
year = {1998},
pages = {29--38},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{hardman2000,
author = {Hardman, S. F. and Dowden, R. L. and Brundell, J. B. and
Bahr, J. L. and Kawasaki, Z. and Rodger, C. J.},
title = {Sprite observations in the Northern Territory of
Australia},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D4},
year = {2000},
pages = {4689--97},
abstract = { Sprites, a form of brief luminous discharge in the upper
atmosphere above a thunderstorm, were observed and imaged
on two video cameras in Australia's Northern Territory.
These were the first such ground-based observations made
outside the United States. Sprite discharges typically took
place between the altitudes of 50 km and 80 km and spanned
an average width of 44 km. Many of the sprite events were
of long duration, with an average of 145 ms. These spatial
and temporal features were similar to those observed from
the ground and the air in the United States. During the
longer events, some luminous discharge elements were
observed to decay as other new elements formed. As the new
elements were often laterally displaced from the old, the
sprites sometimes appeared to dance across the sky. This
phenomenon has been observed in Colorado and named }
}
@article{hayakawa2005jgr,
author = {{Hayakawa}, M. and {Nakamura}, T. and {Iudin}, D. and {Michimoto}, K. and
{Suzuki}, T. and {Hanada}, T. and {Shimura}, T.},
title = {{On the fine structure of thunderstorms leading to the generation of sprites and elves: Fractal analysis}},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 2005,
month = {March},
volume = 110,
number = {D9},
pages = {6104-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD004545},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005JGRD..11006104H&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{hobara2001,
author = {Hobara, Y. and Iwasaki, N. and Hayashida, T. and Hayakawa,
M. and Ohta, K. and Fukunishi, H.},
title = {Interrelation between ELF transients and ionospheric
disturbances in association with sprites and elves},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {28},
number = {5},
year = {2001},
pages = {935--8},
abstract = { Red sprites and elves were observed in Japan during the
winter of 1998/99 in Hokuriku region by the group of Tohoku
University. The authors analyze quantitatively the results
from coordinated measurement consisting of ELF transients,
VLF subionopheric disturbances and lightning discharges
associated with the optical events. They find the clear
straightforward relationship between charge transfer of the
parent discharge calculated from ELF (f<15 Hz) and the
ionospheric disturbances regardless of the types of optical
events indicating significant
atmosphere-mesosphere-ionosphere coupling. Sprites tend to
associate with a large ionospheric disturbance (-13~+4.6
dB) with a large charge transfer (52~175 C), whereas a
large lightning peak current (+223~+470 kA) (or slow-tail
amplitude) leading to the strong EMP is necessary to
initiate elves, but with rather small ionospheric
disturbances. }
}
@article{holler1999,
author = {Holler, H. and Finke, U. and Huntrieser, H. and Hagen, M. and Feigl, C.},
title = {Lightning-produced NO/sub x/ (LINOX): experimental design and case study},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {D11},
year = {1999},
pages = {13911--22},
abstract = {
This paper investigates the role of lightning in the production of nitrogen
}
}
@article{hsu2003,
author = {Hsu, R. R. and Su, H. T. and Chen, A. B. and Lee, L. C. and Asfur,
M. and Price, C. and Yair, Y.},
title = {Transient luminous events in the vicinity of Taiwan},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {561},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{huntrieser1998,
author = {Huntrieser, H. and Sclager, H. and Feigl, C. and Holler, H.},
title = {Transport and production of NO/sub x/ in electrified thunderstorms: survey},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {D21},
year = {1998},
pages = {28247--64},
abstract = {
First airborne NO/sub x/ (NO+NO/sub 2/) measurements in anvils of active
}
}
@article{huntrieser2002,
author = {Huntrieser, H. and Feigl, C. and Schlager, H. and Schroder, F. and Gerbig, C. and van},
title = {Airborne measurements of NO/sub x/, tracer species, and small particles},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {D11},
year = {2002},
pages = {ACH5--1-27},
abstract = {
Airborne in situ measurements of NO, NO/sub 2/, NO/sub y/, CO, CO/sub 2/,
}
}
@article{inan1995,
author = {Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F. and Pasko, V. P. and Sentman, D. D. and
Wescott, E. M.},
title = {VLF signatures of ionospheric disturbances associated with
sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {24},
year = {1995},
pages = {3461--4},
abstract = { VLF perturbations on signals propagating along
great-circle-paths (GCP) }
}
@article{inan1996,
author = {Inan, U. S. and Reising, S. C. and Fishman, G. J. and Horack, J.
M.},
title = {On the association of terrestrial gamma-ray bursts with
lightning and },
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {9},
year = {1996},
pages = {1017--20},
abstract = { Measurements of ELF/VLF radio atmospherics (sterics) at
Palmer Station, }
}
@article{inan2002,
author = {Inan, US},
title = { Lightning effects at high altitudes: sprites, elves, and
terrestrial gamma ray flashes },
journal = {COMPTES RENDUS PHYSIQUE},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
year = {2002},
pages = {1411--1421},
abstract = { A fascinating set of newly discovered complex phenomena
indicate that thunderstorms and lightning discharges are
strongly coupled to the overlying upper atmospheric
regions. Lightning discharges at cloud altitudes (<20 km)
affect altitudes >40 km either via the release of intense
electromagnetic pulses. (EMPs) and/or the production of
intense quasistatic electric (QE) fields. The intense
transient QE fields of up to similar to1 kV . m(-1). which
for positive CG discharges is directed downwards. can
avalanche accelerate upward-driven runaway MeV electron
beams. producing brief (similar to1 ms) flashes of gamma
radiation. spectacular manifestation of these intense
fields is the so-called 'Sprites'. large luminous
discharges in the altitude range of similar to40 km to 90
km, which are produced by the heating of ambient electrons
for a few to tens of milliseconds following intense
lightning flashes. The so-called 'Elves' are optical
flashes which last much shorter (< 1 ms) than sprites. and
are typically limited to 80-95 km altitudes with much
larger (up to 600 km) lateral extent. being produced by the
heating, ionization, and optical emissions due to the EMPs
radiated by both positive and negative lightning
discharges. }
}
@article{inan2005grl,
author = {{Inan}, U.~S. and {Lehtinen}, N.~G.},
title = {Production of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = oct,
volume = 32,
pages = {19818-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL023702},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3219818I&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{iudinpre,
author = {Iudin, D. I. and Trakhtengerts, V. Y. and Hayakawa, M.},
title = {Fractal dynamics of electric discharges in a thundercloud},
journal = {Physical Review E}
}
@article{jeker2000,
author = {Jeker, D. P. and Pfister, L. and Thompson, A. M. and Brunner, D. and Boccippio, D. J.;},
title = {Measurements of nitrogen oxides at the tropopause: attribution to convection},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D3},
year = {2000},
pages = {3679--700},
abstract = {
NO/sub x/ (NO and NO/sub 2/) and ozone were measured on 98 flights during
}
}
@article{jensen2002,
author = {Jensen, E. and Drdla, K.},
title = {Nitric acid concentrations near the tropical tropopause: Implications for},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {20},
year = {2002},
pages = {62--1-4},
abstract = {
In situ measurements of NO/sub y/, NO/sub x/, and temperature confirm that
}
}
@article{kawakami1997,
author = {Kawakami, S. and Kondo, Y. and Koike, M. and Nakajima, H. and Gregory, G. L. and Sachse, G.},
title = {Impact of lightning and convection on reactive nitrogen in the tropical free},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {D23},
year = {1997},
pages = {28367--84},
abstract = {
Latitudinal distributions of NO, NO/sub y/, O/sub 3/, CO, CH/sub 3/I and
}
}
@article{koike2003,
author = {Koike, M. and Kondo, Y. and Klta, K. and Nishi, N. and Liu, S. C. and Blake, D. and Ko, M.;},
title = {Reactive nitrogen over the tropical western Pacific: influence from},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {108},
number = {D3},
year = {2003},
pages = {BIB7--1-15},
abstract = {
The Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment phase A (BIBLE A) aircraft
}
}
@article{kondo2003,
author = {Kondo, Y. and Koike, M. and Kita, K. and Ikeda, H. and Takegawa, N. and Kawakami, S.;},
title = {Effects of biomass burning, lightning, and convection on O/sub 3/, CO, and},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {108},
number = {D3},
year = {2003},
pages = {BIB6--1-20},
abstract = {
In situ aircraft measurements of O/sub 3/, CO, total reactive nitrogen
}
}
@article{kotamarthi1994,
author = {Kotamarthi, V. R. and Ko, M. K. W. and Weisenstein, D. K. and Rodriguez, J. M. and Sze, N. D.},
title = {Effect of lightning on the concentration of odd nitrogen species in the},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {99},
number = {D4},
year = {1994},
pages = {8167--73},
abstract = {
Revised model estimates of the effect of lightning on the lower
}
}
@article{kraus1996,
author = {Kraus, A. B. and Rohrer, F. and Grobler, E. S. and Ehhalt, D. H.},
title = {The global tropospheric distribution of NO/sub x/ estimated by a three},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D13},
year = {1996},
pages = {18587--604},
abstract = {
The global distribution of NO/sub x/ in the troposphere is calculated using
}
}
@article{krider1992jgr,
author = {{Krider}, E.~P.},
title = {Electromagnetic Fields, Poynting Vector, and Peak Power Radiated by Lightning Return Strokes},
journal = {jgr},
year = 1992,
month = oct,
volume = 97,
number = 16,
pages = {15913--15917},
doi = {10.1029/92JD01490},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1992JGR....9715913K&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{kurihara2003,
author = {Kurihara, J and Oyama, KI and Takahashi, Y},
title = { Development of a spectrometer to measure the blue
components of sprites },
journal = {JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {643--646},
abstract = { Recent spectral measurements of sprites and elves using
imaging spectrometers have been limited to the red end of
the spectrum (above 500 nm), while spectral information
from the blue end of the spectrum has been measured only by
bandpass-filtered photometers. Although the blue
photometric data identified N-2 second positive and N-2(+)
first negative band emissions, uncertainty remains in some
measurements due to the small separation in the emission
lines. Spectrally resolved measurements of the blue
components, particularly the emissions of N-2(+) IN band,
are very important because they indicate the existence of
relatively high electron energies and high level of
ionization at that altitude and therefore can be a great
help in uncovering the generation mechanism for sprites. We
have recently developed an intensified CCD slit
spectrograph system with a peak sensitivity around 350 nm
with a highly linear dispersion and a spectral resolution
of 2 nm. (C) 2003 Elsevier Scie! }
}
@article{lamarque1996,
author = {Lamarque, J. F. and Brasseur, G. P. and Hess, P. G. and Muller, J. F.},
title = {Three-dimensional study of the relative contributions of the different},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D17},
year = {1996},
pages = {22955--68},
abstract = {
A three-dimensional study of the relative importance of the different odd
}
}
@article{lang2000,
author = {Lang, T. J. and Rutledge, S. A. and Dye, J. E. and Venticinque, M. and Laroche, P.;},
title = {Anomalously low negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash rates in intense},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
volume = {128},
number = {1},
year = {2000},
pages = {160--73},
abstract = {
Concurrent measurements from the CSU-CHILL multiparameter Doppler radar, the
}
}
@article{lange2001,
author = {Lange, L. and Hoor, P. and Helas, G. and Fischer, H. and Brunner, D. and Scheeren, B. and},
title = {Detection of lightning-produced NO in the midlatitude upper troposphere},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {D21},
year = {2001},
pages = {27777--85},
abstract = {
Simultaneous in situ measurements of NO, NO/sub y/, HNO/sub 3/, CO, CO/sub
}
}
@article{lehtinen1999,
author = {Lehtinen, N. G. and Bell, T. F. and Inan, U. S.},
title = {Monte Carlo simulation of runaway MeV electron breakdown
with application to},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {A11},
year = {1999},
pages = {24699--712},
abstract = { A three-dimensional Monte Carlo model of the uniform
relativistic runaway }
}
@article{lehtinen2001,
author = {Lehtinen, N. G. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F.},
title = {Effects of thunderstorm-driven runaway electrons in the
conjugate},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {A12},
year = {2001},
pages = {28841--56},
abstract = { The presence of energetic runaway electron beams above
thunderstorms is }
}
@article{levy1996,
author = {Levy, H. , II and Moxim, W. J. and Kasibhatla, P. S.},
title = {A global three-dimensional time-dependent lightning source of tropospheric},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D17},
year = {1996},
pages = {22911--22},
abstract = {
The spatial and temporal distribution for a global three-dimensional, time
}
}
@article{lyons1996,
author = {Lyons, W. A.},
title = {Sprite observations above the U.S. High Plains in relation
to their parent},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D23},
year = {1996},
pages = {29641--52},
abstract = { Transient luminous events (sprites, blue jets, elves)
above large mesoscale }
}
@article{lyons2003,
author = {Lyons, W. A. and Nelson, T. E. and Williams, E. R. and Cummer, S. A. and Stanley, M. A.},
title = {Characteristics of sprite-producing positive
cloud-to-ground lightning},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
volume = {131},
number = {10},
year = {2003},
pages = {2417--27},
abstract = { During the summer of 2000, the Severe Thunderstorm
Electrification and }
}
@article{lyons2003b,
author = {Lyons, WA and Nelson, TE and Armstrong, RA and Pasko, VP
and Stanley, MA},
title = { Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorm tops },
journal = {BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY},
volume = {84},
number = {4},
year = {2003},
pages = {445--454},
abstract = { Mesospheric lightning-related sprites and elves, not
attached to their parent thunderstorm's tops, are being
joined by a family of upward electrical discharges
including blue jets, emerging directly from thunderstorm
tops. }
}
@article{mareev1996,
author = {Mareev, E. A. and Trakhtengerts, V. Yu.},
title = {On the electric dynamo problem},
journal = {Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics},
volume = {39},
number = {6},
year = {1996},
pages = {527--38},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{mareev1996b,
author = {Mareev, E. A. and Israelsson, S. and Knudsen, E. and Kalinin, A.
V. and Novozhenov, M. M.},
title = {Studies of an artificially generated electrode effect at
ground level},
journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
year = {1996},
pages = {1095--101},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{mareev1999,
author = {Mareev, E. A. and Sorokin, A. E. and Trakhtengerts, V. Yu.},
title = {Effects of collective charging in a multiflow aerosol
plasma},
journal = {Plasma Physics Reports},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
year = {1999},
pages = {261--72},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{mareev2001,
author = {Mareev, E. A. and Sorokin, A. E.},
title = {Autowave regimes of thundercloud electrification},
journal = {Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics},
volume = {44},
number = {1--2},
year = {2001},
pages = {137--50},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{marshall1996,
author = {Marshall, T. C. and Stolzenburg, M. and Rust, W. D.},
title = {Electric field measurements above mesoscale convective
systems},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D3},
year = {1996},
pages = {6979--96},
abstract = { The authors show that electric field discontinuities
occur above the stratiform clouds associated with mesoscale
convective systems. Above cloud top, 12 discontinuities
were observed at altitudes between 10 and 16 km. The field
changes of the discontinuities ranged from -1.1 to -4.0 kV
m/sup -1/. The data suggest that the electric field
discontinuities were caused by coincident, positive,
cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The coincident ground
flashes included both single and multiple return stroke
flashes, with first-stroke peak currents between 20 and 154
kA. The authors modeled the electric field change that
would occur if lightning discharged a horizontally
extensive positive charge layer within the stratiform
cloud. In the model, disks with charge densities of 1 and 3
nC m/sup -3/, a thickness of 400 m, and diameters ranging
from 20 to 200 km were discharged and produced field
changes similar to the observed above-cloud field
discontinuities. The authors' results support the idea that
sprites may be initiated by above-cloud field changes
caused by positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes that
discharge a horizontally extensive charge region in the
stratiform cloud of a mesoscale convective system. During
the time between the electric field discontinuities the
electric field above the stratiform clouds was -0.5 to -1.0
kV m/sup -1/ and this field may be important in the global
electrical circuit because the stratiform clouds have large
horizontal extents (~10/sup 4/ km/sup 2/). }
}
@article{marshall1998,
author = {Marshall, L. H. and Hale, L. C. and Croskey, C. L. and
Lyons, W. A.},
title = {Electromagnetics of sprite- and elve-associated sferics},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {7--9},
year = {1998},
pages = {771--86},
abstract = { Electromagnetic data recorded in conjunction with the
Sprites '95 campaign are presented. The primary data set
consists of electric and magnetic field waveforms related
to visually identified sprites and elves recorded on the
night of 24-25 July 1995. The data were collected near
State College, PA, from a mesoscale convective system (MCS)
located about 2100 km away near Lubbock, TX. The optical
events were visually identified from an observation station
in Fort Collins, CO. Presented are the waveforms of the
sferics, a description of the measurement system, and a
discussion of the signature traits of optical
event-producing sferics. All of the sferics recorded which
were related to visually identified events exhibited
primarily unipolar `slow tail' electromagnetic signatures
of order one millisecond duration in the direction
indicating positive lightning. Similar waveforms of
opposite polarity, indicating ordinary negative lightning,
were not accompanied by any observed high altitude optical
events. }
}
@article{marshall2005grl,
author = {{Marshall}, T.~C. and {Stolzenburg}, M. and {Maggio}, C.~R. and
{Coleman}, L.~M. and {Krehbiel}, P.~R. and {Hamlin}, T. and
{Thomas}, R.~J. and {Rison}, W.},
title = {{Observed electric fields associated with lightning initiation}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = {February},
volume = 32,
pages = {3813-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL021802},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3203813M&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{martin2002,
author = {Martin, R. V. and Jacob, D. J. and Logan, J. A. and Bey, I. and Yantosca, R. M. and Staudt, A. C. and Qinbin Li and Fiore, A. M. and Duncan, B. N. and Hongyu Liu and Ginoux, P. and Thouret, V.},
title = {Interpretation of TOMS observations of tropical tropospheric ozone with a},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {D18},
year = {2002},
pages = {ACH4--1-27},
abstract = {
We interpret the distribution of tropical tropospheric ozone columns (TTOCs)
}
}
@article{martynenko2000,
author = {Martynenko, S. I.},
title = {A relaxation model of plasma formations during
high-altitude discharges},
journal = {Telecommunications and Radio Engineering},
volume = {53},
number = {7--8},
year = {2000},
pages = {13--18},
abstract = { The intense plasma perturbations in the middle
atmosphere, produced by the high-altitude discharges and
appearing as luminescent columns }
}
@article{mcharg2002,
author = {McHarg, M. G. and Haaland, R. K. and Moudry, D. and
Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C.},
title = {Altitude-time development of sprites},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {A11},
year = {2002},
pages = {SIA9--1-12},
abstract = { Data from sprites using a 16-channel, multi-anode
photometer (MAP) have been recorded at 0.1 ms resolution.
The majority of the sprites have onsets at an altitude of
70-75 km and subsequently propagate both upward and
downward from this initial altitude. The statistical
lifetime of the emissions measured by the blue-sensitive
MAP is approximately 1.3 ms. The velocities of propagation
are between 10/sup 7/ and 10/sup 8/ m s/sup -1/, with
larger velocities being measured at higher altitudes. The
larger propagation velocities of the upward and downward
sprite luminosity channels are consistent with the
characteristics of highly over-voltage streamers in the
mesosphere. }
}
@article{meijer2000,
author = {Meijer, E. W. and van Velthoven, P. F. J. and Thompson, A. M. and Pfister, L.},
title = {Model calculations of the impact of NO/sub x/ from air traffic, lightning,},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D3},
year = {2000},
pages = {3833--50},
abstract = {
The impact of NO/sub x/ from aircraft emissions, lightning, and surface
}
}
@article{melnikov2004jastp,
author = {{Melnikov}, A. and {Price}, C. and {S{\'a}tori}, G. and {F{\"u}llekrug}, M.
},
title = {{Influence of solar terminator passages on Schumann resonance parameters}},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
year = 2004,
month = sep,
volume = 66,
pages = {1187-1194},
doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.014},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004JATP...66.1187M&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{mende1995,
author = {Mende, S. B. and Rairden, R. L. and Swenson, G. R. and Lyons, W.A.},
title = {Sprite spectra; N/sub 2/ 1 PG band identification},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {19},
year = {1995},
pages = {2633--6},
abstract = { Imagery and spectra of high altitude luminous flashes,
otherwise known as }
}
@article{mende1997,
author = {Mende, S. B. and Sentman, D. D. and Wescott, E. M.},
title = {Lightning between Earth and space},
journal = {Scientific American International Edition},
volume = {277},
number = {2},
year = {1997},
pages = {56--9},
abstract = { Once dismissed as figments of pilots' imaginations,
strange flashes }
}
@article{milikh1990,
author = {Milikh, G. M.},
title = {Synthesis of nitric oxide during the formation of an
artificially ionized},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {95},
number = {D10},
year = {1990},
pages = {16451--6},
abstract = { The artificially ionized layers in the atmosphere caused
by microwave pulses }
}
@article{milikh1990b,
author = {Milikh, G. M.},
title = {Role of chemical effects in the formation of electron
concentration},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
year = {1990},
pages = {119--23},
abstract = { A chemical mechanism which reduces the electron
concentration in the upper }
}
@article{milikh1994,
author = {Milikh, G. M. and Freeman, M. J.and Duncan, L. M.},
title = {First estimates of HF-induced modifications of the D
region by the HF Active},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {29},
number = {5},
year = {1994},
pages = {1355--62},
abstract = { A one-dimensional, self-consistent computer code was used
to predict }
}
@article{milikh1995,
author = {Milikh, G. M. and Papadopoulos, K. and Chang, C. L.},
title = {On the physics of high altitude lightning},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {2},
year = {1995},
pages = {85--8},
abstract = { Past and recent observations indicate the presence of
lightning at altitudes }
}
@article{milikh1997,
author = {Milikh, G. M. and Valdivia, J. A. and Papadopoulos, K.},
title = {Model of red sprite optical spectra},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {8},
year = {1997},
pages = {833--6},
abstract = { A synthetic spectrum of red sprites due to electron
energization by the electric field from lightning is
computed by using the electron energy spectrum obtained
from a Fokker-Planck code, which includes various inelastic
losses. The results are compared with observed sprite
spectra. Implications to models of red sprites are
presented. }
}
@article{milikh1998,
author = {Milikh, G. and Valdivia, J. A. and Papadopoulos, K.},
title = {Spectrum of red sprites},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {1998},
year = {1998},
abstract = { A synthetic spectrum of red sprites due to electron
energization by the }
}
@article{milikh1998b,
author = {Milikh, G. M. and Usikov, D. A. and Valdivia, J. A.},
title = {Model of infrared emission from sprites},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {1998},
year = {1998},
abstract = { A model of the 4.26 mu m infrared emission due to red
sprites is presented. }
}
@article{milikh1999,
author = {Milikh, G. and Valdivia, J. A.},
title = {Model of gamma ray flashes due to fractal lightning},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
year = {1999},
pages = {525--8},
abstract = { A model of gamma -ray flashes is presented. The model
relies upon a }
}
@article{mironychev2001,
author = {Mironychev, P. V.},
title = {Avalanches of runaway relativistic electrons in electric
and geomagnetic fields in the atmosphere: numerical
experiment},
journal = {Geomagnetism and Aeronomy},
volume = {41},
number = {5},
year = {2001},
pages = {660--6},
abstract = { The development of upward propagating avalanches of
runaway electrons in electric and geomagnetic fields above
stratiform thunderclouds has been simulated. It is assumed
that the quasistationary electric field above the cloud was
generated by a lightning, which transferred the negative
charge to the cloud top. The avalanche of background
electrons has been calculated for an altitude of 30 km and
higher, where the electric field was stronger than the
threshold (for runaway electrons) electric field. It has
been shown that, in the considered cases, the avalanche
either faded or slightly developed: the amount of runaway
electrons increased by a factor of 3-4, which is
insufficient for an initiation of the recently revealed
high-altitude (30-80 km) optical flashes called red
sprites. The strong dependence of the obtained results on
the values and mutual direction of the electric and
geomagnetic fields has been corroborated. For example, the
horizontal magnetic field (50 mu T) perpendicular to the
electric field excludes the development of an avalanche and
even the removal of a primary electron with an energy of 2
MeV from a starting point. If the geomagnetic field (50 mu
T) is strictly vertical and parallel to the electric field,
the avalanche develops slowly (as in the case with no
magnetic field) and has a considerably smaller cross
section. }
}
@article{miyasato2002,
author = {Miyasato, R. and Taylor, M. J. and Fukunishi, H. and
Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C.},
title = {Statistical characteristics of sprite halo events using
coincident photometric and imaging data},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {21},
year = {2002},
pages = {29--1-4},
abstract = { Sprite halos are brief, diffuse flashes, which occur at
the top of a sprite and precede the development of streamer
structures at lower altitudes. We have investigated the
characteristics of sprite halos in detail using coincident
photometric and imaging data obtained during the Sprites'96
and '99 campaign in Colorado and Wyoming, USA. It is found
that the average altitude of the centroid of the halo
emission and the mean horizontal diameter of the halo
events are ~80 and ~86 km, respectively, while the average
speed of the descending motion of the sprite halos was
~4.3*10/sup 7/ m/s. It was also found that the peak current
intensity of the causative CG decreases with time delay
from the onset of the sferics. }
}
@article{molchanov1994,
author = {Molchanov, O. A. and Nickolaenko, A. P. and Rafalsky, V. A. and
Schecotov, A. Yu.},
title = {Influence of layered structure of the lower ionosphere on
nonmonotonic},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {21},
number = {23},
year = {1994},
pages = {2467--70},
abstract = { This paper reports on some propagation effects occurring
while the }
}
@article{moore2003,
author = {Moore, R. C. and Barrington Leigh, C. P. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F.},
title = {Early/fast VLF events produced by electron density changes associated with},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {108},
number = {A10},
year = {2003},
pages = {SIA1--1-8},
abstract = {
The magnitudes of scattered fields produced during early/fast very low
}
}
@article{morozov2002,
author = {Morozov, V. N.},
title = {Calculation of thundercloud electric fields for initiating
electric discharges between clouds and the upper
atmosphere},
journal = {Geomagnetism and Aeronomy},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
year = {2002},
pages = {114--22},
abstract = { Nonstationary electric fields of thunderclouds, which are
created by these clouds after cloud-to-ground discharges in
the atmosphere with exponential electrical conductivity,
are calculated in an electrostatic approximation. The
asymptotic expressions for the distribution of the vertical
component of the electrostatic intensity, depending on time
and atmospheric altitude along the axis of symmetry, have
been obtained for the point and one-dimensional
distributions of the initial cloud charge, as well as for
the horizontal distribution of the cloud with a finite
cylindrical radius. These results are used to determine the
vertical component of the electrostatic intensity and the
cloud charges necessary for initiating discharges between
clouds and the upper atmosphere. }
}
@article{morrill2002,
author = {Morrill, J and Bucsela, E and Siefring, C and Heavner, M
and Berg, S and Moudry, D and Slinker, S and Fernsler, R
and Wescott, E and Sentman, D and Osborne, D},
title = { Electron energy and electric field estimates in sprites
derived from ionized and neutral N-2 emissions },
journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
volume = {29},
number = {10},
year = {2002},
pages = {1462:4 pp.},
abstract = { [1] During the EXL98 aircraft mission, sprites and blue
jets were observed by narrow band cameras that measure the
N-2(+) 1NG (0,1) band at 4278Angstrom and the N-2 2PG (0,
0) band at 3370Angstrom. We discuss the observations
(similar to1 km resolution), instrumental and atmospheric
corrections, and altitude profiles of ionized (1NG) and
neutral (2PG) emission observed during a specific sprite.
The ratio of ionized-to-neutral emission indicates a
relative enhancement of ion emission below 55 km.
Characteristic electron energies (E-Ch) and electric fields
(E) are derived from these emission ratios using excitation
rates computed from a model that solves the Boltzmann
equation as a function of electric field. Up to 55km E
follows the breakdown field (E-k) and E-Ch is similar
to2.2eV. Above 55 km E drops below E-k and E-Ch drops to
similar to1.75eV near 60km. }
}
@article{moudry2002grl,
author = {Moudry, D. R. and Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C. and Sentman, D.
D. and Wescott, E. M.},
title = {Velocities of sprite tendrils},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
volume = {29},
number = {20},
year = {2002},
pages = {53--1-4},
abstract = { The University of Alaska deployed a high speed (1000 fps)
camera at the Wyoming Infrared Observatory to observe
sprites over Midwest U.S. thunderstorms as part of the 1999
NASA Sprites Balloon Campaign. Here we report on the
velocity of development of downward spatial structures
known as tendrils in several sprite events recorded during
a large thunderstorm over eastern Nebraska the night of 18
August 1999. Downward tendril development occurred at
velocities that varied by more than two orders of
magnitude, ranging from ~10/sup 5/ to >or=3*10/sup 7/ m/s.
The tendrils progressed through multiple velocity regimes,
typically in the order fast-slow or slow-fast-slow.
Examples are presented of multiple sets of temporally
distinct tendrils that develop from the same sprite event
and tendrils that have a horizontal component of expansion.
}
}
@article{moudry2003jastp,
author = {Moudry, D. and Stenbaek Nielsen, H. and Sentman, D. and Wescott,
E.},
title = {Imaging of elves, halos and sprite initiation at 1 ms time
resolution},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {509},
abstract = { Elves, halos and sprites were observed during August 1999
with a 1 ms high }
}
@article{moudry2003jastpb,
author = {Moudry, D. and Stenbaek Nielsen, H. and Sentman, D. and Wescott, E.},
title = {Reply to comment on ...},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {523},
abstract = { For original paper see ibid., vol. 65, no.5, p.509-18
(2003); for comment }
}
@article{nemiroff1997,
author = {Nemiroff, R. J. and Bonnell, J. T. and Norris, J. P.},
title = {Temporal and spectral characteristics of terrestrial gamma
flashes},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {A5},
year = {1997},
pages = {9659--65},
abstract = { The authors have analyzed the Burst and Transient Source
Experiment (BATSE) high-resolution timing data for 13
terrestrial gamma flashes (TGFs) to better characterize
this newly identified phenomenon, which may be related to
atmospheric lightning. They find that the minimum timescale
for TGF variability is ~25-250 mu s, with 50 mu s near
typical. In general, TGFs are spectrally much harder than
cosmic gamma ray bursts (GRBs). They additionally find that
as with GRBs, individual pulses within a TGF tend to peak
earlier at higher energies. This time-asymmetry rules out
models such as sweeping beams. They also find that
different pulses can have different spectra, with spectra
typically softening as a pulse progresses. Event-averaged
spectra for the TGFs were examined and found to be better
fit in the 25-500 keV range by a power law than by a
blackbody model. However, in general, even a power law is
not a perfect fit. They find correlation between minimum
TGF timescale and the power law spectral index, with
rapidly varying TGFs appearing softer. From empirical
comparisons of timescales and structures they speculate
that if TGFs are somehow related to known high-atmospheric
lightning events, then they are more probably related to
red sprites than to blue jets or transionospheric pulse
pairs. }
}
@article{nickolaenko1995,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M.},
title = {Heating of the lower ionosphere electrons by
electromagnetic radiation of},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {22},
year = {1995},
pages = {3015--18},
abstract = { An analysis is performed on the heating of electrons in
the lower ionosphere }
}
@article{nickolaenko1996,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M. and Hobara, Y.},
title = {Temporal variations of the global lightning activity
deduced from the},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {58},
number = {15},
year = {1996},
pages = {1699--709},
abstract = { Temporal variations of the global lightning activity were
deduced from long }
}
@article{nickolaenko1998,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M.},
title = {Electric fields produced by lightning discharges},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {D14},
year = {1998},
pages = {17175--89},
abstract = { The time domain electric field produced by the model
lightning discharges in }
}
@article{nickolaenko1998b,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M.},
title = {Natural electromagnetic pulses in the ELF range},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {25},
number = {16},
year = {1998},
pages = {3103--6},
abstract = { Analyzes the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the
ELF. The authors }
}
@article{nickolaenko1999,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M. and Hobara, Y.},
title = {Long-term periodical variations in global lightning
activity deduced from},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {D22},
year = {1999},
pages = {27585--91},
abstract = { Deduces temporal variations of the level of global
lighting activity from }
}
@article{nickolaenko1999b,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M. and Kudintseva, I. G. and
M and, S. V.},
title = {ELF sub-ionospheric pulse in time domain},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
year = {1999},
pages = {999--1002},
abstract = { The authors present an analytical time domain solution
for ELF }
}
@article{nickolaenko1999c,
author = {Nickolaenko, A. P. and Hayakawa, M.and Hobara, Y.},
title = {Long-term periodical variations in global lightning
activity deduced from},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {D22},
year = {1999},
pages = {27585--91},
abstract = { Deduces temporal variations of the level of global
lighting activity from }
}
@article{nunn1999,
author = {Nunn, D. and Rodger, C. J.},
title = {Modeling the relaxation of red sprite plasma},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {21},
year = {1999},
pages = {3293--6},
abstract = { Red sprites consist of multiple ionised columns extending
above a thunderstorm from ~30 km to ~90 km. Electron
densities in these columns are very much larger than the
ambient background, perhaps fives orders of magnitude at 70
km. These highly ionized structures cause observable
perturbations in subionospheric VLF transmissions known as
}
}
@article{otsuyama,
author = {Otsuyama, T. and Hayakawa, M.},
title = {FDTD simulation and experimental result on VLF scattering
by ionospheric},
journal = {Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of
Japan, Part A},
abstract = { Amplitude and phase perturbations on subionospheric VLF
signals (known as }
}
@article{pasko1995,
author = {Pasko, V. P. and Inan, U. S. and Taranenko, Y. N. and Bell, T.
F.},
title = {Heating, ionization and upward discharges in the
mesosphere due to intense},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
year = {1995},
pages = {365--8},
abstract = { Quasi-electrostatic fields that temporarily exist at high
altitudes }
}
@article{pasko1996,
author = {Pasko, V. P. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F.},
title = {Sprites as luminous columns of ionization produced by
quasi-electrostatic thundercloud fields},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
year = {1996},
pages = {649--52},
abstract = { Quasi-electrostatic (QE) fields which exist above
thunderclouds after lightning discharges can lead to the
formation of columnar channels of breakdown ionization and
carrot-like vertical luminous structures with typical
transverse dimension ~5-10 km spanning an altitude range
from ~80 km to well below ~50 km. The carrot-like forms
closely resemble those observed in sprites. Results
indicate that the appearance of optical emissions can be
significantly delayed in time (~1-20 ms) with respect to
the causative lightning discharge. }
}
@article{pasko1997,
author = {Pasko, V. P. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F.},
title = {Sprites as evidence of vertical gravity wave structures
above mesoscale},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {14},
year = {1997},
pages = {1735--8},
abstract = { Large area multicell thunderstorms lead to the formation
of vertically }
}
@article{pasko1997b,
author = {Pasko, V. P. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F. and
Taranenko, Y. N.},
title = {Sprites produced by quasi-electrostatic heating and
ionization in the lower ionosphere},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {A3},
year = {1997},
pages = {4529--61},
abstract = { Quasi-electrostatic (QE) fields that temporarily exist at
high altitudes following the sudden removal (e.g., by a
lightning discharge) of thundercloud charge at low
altitudes lead to ambient electron heating (up to ~5 eV
average energy), ionization of neutrals, and excitation of
optical emissions in the mesosphere/lower ionosphere. Model
calculations predict the possibility of significant
(several orders of magnitude) modification of the lower
ionospheric conductivity in the form of depletions of
electron density due to dissociative attachment to O/sub 2/
molecules and/or in the form of enhancements of electron
density due to breakdown ionization. Results indicate that
the optical emission intensities of the 1st positive band
of N/sub 2/ corresponding to fast (~1 ms) removal of
100-300 degrees C of thundercloud charge from 10 km
altitude are in good agreement with observations of the
upper part }
}
@article{pasko1998,
author = {Pasko, V. P. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F. and Reising, S. C.},
title = {Mechanism of ELF radiation from sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {25},
number = {18},
year = {1998},
pages = {3493--6},
abstract = { Charge and current systems associated with sprites
constitute a part of the }
}
@article{pasko2001,
author = {Pasko, VP and Inan, US and Bell, TF},
title = { Mesosphere-troposphere coupling due to sprites },
journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
volume = {28},
number = {19},
year = {2001},
pages = {3821--3824},
abstract = { Results from a new three-dimensional fractal model of
sprites as well as recent experimental data on thundercloud
charge moment changes associated with sprites indicate that
ionized regions in sprites can sometimes reach thundercloud
tops, creating favorable conditions for establishing a
highly conducting link between the Earth's surface and the
lower ionosphere. }
}
@article{pasko2002,
author = {Pasko, V. P. and Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C.},
title = {Diffuse and streamer regions of sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {10},
year = {2002},
pages = {82--1-4},
abstract = { The observed altitude stratification in large number of
sprite events, }
}
@article{pasko2002b,
author = {Pasko, VP and George, JJ},
title = { Three-dimensional modeling of blue jets and blue starters
},
journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS},
volume = {107},
number = {A12},
year = {2002},
pages = {1458:16 pp.},
abstract = { [1] Blue jets and blue starters are considered as
positive streamer coronas expanding from the streamer zones
of conventional lightning leaders under conditions when
large-scale electric fields near the thundercloud tops
exceed the minimum field required for the propagation of
positive streamers in air. Results from a three-dimensional
fractal model based on a phenomenological probabilistic
approach to the modeling of streamer coronas indicate, in
particular, that blue jets and blue starters can be formed
by a fast (similar to1 s) accumulation of similar to110-150
C of positive thundercloud charge distributed in a volume
with effective radius similar to3 km near the cloud top at
similar to15 km. The model simulates the propagation of
branching streamer channels constituting blue jets and blue
starters as a three-dimensional growth of fractal trees in
the electric field created by thundercloud charges and
self-consistently accounts for the electric field effects
due to the! }
}
@article{penner1998,
author = {Penner, J. E. and Bergmann, D. J. and Walton, J. J. and Kinnison, D. and Prather, M. J.;},
title = {An evaluation of upper troposphere NO/sub x/ with two models},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {D17},
year = {1998},
pages = {22097--113},
abstract = {
Upper tropospheric NO/sub x/ controls, in part, the distribution of ozone in
}
}
@article{peter2005jgr,
author = {{Peter}, W.~B. and {Inan}, U.~S.},
title = {Electron precipitation events driven by lightning in hurricanes},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 2005,
month = may,
volume = 110,
number = {A9},
pages = {5305-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JA010899},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005JGRA..11005305P&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{petrov1999,
author = {Petrov, N. I. and Petrova, G. N.},
title = {Physical mechanisms for the development of lightning
discharges between a thundercloud and the ionosphere},
journal = {Technical Physics},
volume = {44},
number = {4},
year = {1999},
pages = {472--5},
abstract = { An investigation is made of the influence of changes in
atmospheric pressure with altitude and the thundercloud
geometry on the development of lightning propagating upward
to the ionosphere. It is shown that the mechanism for the
development of high-altitude lightning does not differ from
that for the formation and propagation of ordinary
lightning between a thundercloud and the ground. It is
established that high-altitude lightning forms as a result
of a reduction in pressure with altitude and can only take
place from thunderclouds located at high altitudes. }
}
@article{pickering1998,
author = {Pickering, K. E. and Yansen Wang and Wei Kuo Tao and Price, C. and Muller, J. F.},
title = {Vertical distributions of lightning NO/sub x/ for use in regional and global},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {D23},
year = {1998},
pages = {31203--16},
abstract = {
The authors have constructed profiles of lightning NO/sub x/ mass
}
}
@article{price1993grl,
author = {{Price}, C. and {Rind}, D.},
title = {{What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms?}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 1993,
month = mar,
volume = 20,
pages = {463-466},
doi = {10.1029/93GL00226},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993GeoRL..20..463P&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{price1997,
author = {Price, C. and Penner, J. and Prather, M.},
title = {NO/sub x/ from lightning. 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {D5},
year = {1997},
pages = {5929--41},
abstract = {
This paper begins a study on the role of lightning in maintaining the global
}
}
@article{price1997b,
author = {Price, C. and Penner, J. and Prather, M.},
title = {NO/sub x/ from lightning. 2. Constraints from the global atmospheric},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {D5},
year = {1997},
pages = {5943--51},
abstract = {
For pt.1 see ibid., vol.102, no.D5, p.5929-41 (1997). The global atmospheric
}
}
@article{price2000emp,
author = {{Price}, C. and {Blum}, M.},
title = {{ELF/VLF Radiation Produced by the 1999 Leonid Meteors}},
journal = {Earth Moon and Planets},
year = 2000,
volume = 82,
pages = {545-554},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2000EM%26P...82..545P&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{price2001jastp,
author = {{Price}, C. and {Mushtak}, V.},
title = {{The impact of the August 27, 1998, /{$\gamma$}-ray burst on the Schumann resonances}},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
year = 2001,
month = jul,
volume = 63,
pages = {1043-1047},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2001JATP...63.1043P&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{price2002,
author = {Price, C. and Asfur, M. and Lyons, W. and Nelson, T.},
title = {An improved ELF/VLF method for globally geolocating
sprite-producing lightning},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
year = {2002},
pages = {1--1-4},
abstract = { The majority of sprites, the most common of transient
luminous events (TLEs) in the upper atmosphere, are
associated with a sub-class of positive cloud-to-ground
lightning flashes (+CGs) whose characteristics are slowly
being revealed. These +CGs produce extremely low frequency
(ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) radiation detectable at
great distances from the parent thunderstorm. During the
STEPS field program in the United States, ELF/VLF
transients associated with sprites were detected in the
Negev Desert, Israel, some 11000 km away. Within a two-hour
period on 4 July 2000, all of the sprites detected
optically in the United States produced detectable ELF/VLF
transients in Israel. All of these transients were of
positive polarity (representing positive lightning). Using
the VLF data to obtain the azimuth of the transients, and
the ELF data to calculate the distance between the source
and receiver, we remotely determined the position of the
sprite-forming lightning with an average locational error
of 184 km (error of 1.6\%). }
}
@article{price2002b,
author = {Price, C. and Burrows, W. and King, P.},
title = {The likelihood of winter sprites over the Gulf Stream},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {22},
year = {2002},
pages = {27--1-4},
abstract = {
With the recent introduction of the Canadian Lightning Detection Network
}
}
@article{price2004grl,
author = {{Price}, C. and {Greenberg}, E. and {Yair}, Y. and {S{\'a}tori}, G. and
{B{\'o}r}, J. and {Fukunishi}, H. and {Sato}, M. and {Israelevich}, P. and
{Moalem}, M. and {Devir}, A. and {Levin}, Z. and {Joseph}, J.~H. and
{Mayo}, I. and {Ziv}, B. and {Sternlieb}, A.},
title = {{Ground-based detection of TLE-producing intense lightning during the MEIDEX mission on board the space shuttle Columbia}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2004,
month = oct,
volume = 31,
pages = {20107-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL020711},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004GeoRL..3120107P&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{price2004jastp,
author = {{Price}, C. and {Melnikov}, A.},
title = {{Diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual variations in the Schumann resonance parameters}},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
year = 2004,
month = sep,
volume = 66,
pages = {1179-1185},
doi = {10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.004},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004JATP...66.1179P&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{qie1994,
author = {Qie, N. and Soula, S. and Chauzy, S.},
title = {Influence of ion attachment on the vertical distribution of the electric},
journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
volume = {12},
number = {12},
year = {1994},
pages = {1218--28},
abstract = {
A numerical model called PICASSO [Production d'Ions Corona Au Sol Sous Orage
}
}
@article{rairden1995,
author = {Rairden, R. L. and Mende, S. B.},
title = {Time resolved sprite imagery},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {24},
year = {1995},
pages = {3465--8},
abstract = { Fleeting columns of luminosity occurring above large
thunderstorms at 50-90 km altitude, presently known as
sprites, were imaged with an intensified video charge
coupled device (CCD) camera during a July 1995 ground-based
campaign near Fort Collins, Colorado. These unfiltered
intensified images reveal detailed spatial structure within
the sprite envelope. The temporal resolution of standard
interlaced video imagery is limited by the 60 fields per
second acquisition rate (16 ms). The specific CCD used,
however, is subject to bright events leaking into the
readout registers, allowing time-resolution on the order of
the linescan rate (63 mu s). Typical sprite onset is found
to follow the associated cloud lightning by 1.5 to 4 ms.
The onsets of the individual sprites within a cluster are
generally, but not always, simultaneous to within 1 ms.
Sprites tend to have a bright localized core, less than 2
km in horizontal dimension, which rises to peak intensity
within 0.3 ms and maintains this level for 5 to 10 ms
before fading over an additional 10 ms. }
}
@article{raizer1998,
author = {Raizer, Yu. P. and Milikh, G. M. and Shneider, M. N. and
Novakovski, S. V.},
title = {Long streamer in the upper atmosphere above thundercloud},
journal = {Journal of Physics D Applied Physics},
volume = {31},
number = {22},
year = {1998},
pages = {3255--64},
abstract = { It has been suggested that optical flashes observed in
the upper atmosphere above giant thunderstorms (red
sprites) are due to streamers. Such streamers are initiated
in the lower ionosphere by electron patches caused by
electromagnetic radiation from horizontal intracloud
lightning and then develop downward in the static electric
field due to the thundercloud. The triggering conditions of
streamer development are analysed. Using similarity
relations, known characteristics of streamer tips obtained
earlier in laboratory conditions are extended to a
description of streamers in rare air. Streamer growth in
the nonuniform atmosphere is calculated. It is shown that
streamers first appear at a height of about 80 km and then
grow downward to slightly below 50 km, where they are
terminated. This is in agreement with red sprite
observations. An altitude distribution of the streamer
generated plasma is obtained. The simple models of streamer
development presented in this paper could be applied for
computations of streamers growing in other conditions. }
}
@article{rakov2003,
author = {Rakov, VA and Tuni, WG},
title = { Lightning electric field intensity at high altitudes:
Inferences for production of elves },
journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES},
volume = {108},
number = {D20},
year = {2003},
pages = {4639:6 pp.},
abstract = { [1] Distant electric fields predicted by the transmission
line (TL) model and by the modified transmission line model
with exponential current decay with height (MTLE) are
examined as a function of polar angle ( elevation) and
return stroke propagation speed. The lightning return
stroke current waveform was approximated by a step
function. The resultant electric field waveform for the TL
model is also a step function, while for the MTLE model the
field instantaneously rises to the same value as for the TL
model and then decays exponentially. The exponential
current attenuation with height in the MTLE model results
in a considerable reduction in the electric field intensity
within 1 mus after the initial peak, particularly for
smaller polar angles ( larger elevations) and higher
propagation speeds. Combinations of current and speed ( as
a function of polar angle) that are conducive to the
production of transient optical emissions ( elves) in the
lower ionosphere are examin! }
}
@article{reising1996,
author = {Reising, S. C. and Inan, U. S. and Bell, T. F. and Lyons,
W. A.},
title = {Evidence for continuing current in sprite-producing
cloud-to-ground lightning},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {24},
year = {1996},
pages = {3639--42},
abstract = { Radio atmospherics launched by sprite-producing positive
cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and observed at Palmer
Station, Antarctica, exhibit large ELF slow tails following
the initial VLF portion, indicating the presence of
continuing currents in the source lightning flashes.
One-to-one correlation of sferics with NLDN lightning data
in both time and arrival azimuth, measured with an accuracy
of +or-1 degrees at ~12,000 km range, allows unambiguous
identification of lightning flashes originating in the
storm of interest. Slow-tail measurements at Palmer can
potentially be used to measure continuing currents in
lightning flashes over nearly half of the Earth's surface.
}
}
@article{reising1999,
author = {Reising, S. C. and Inan, U. S.and Bell, T. F.},
title = {ELF sferic energy as a proxy indicator for sprite
occurrence},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
year = {1999},
pages = {987--90},
abstract = { Broadband ELF/VLF measurements of sferics near Ft.
Collins, Colorado, }
}
@article{ridley1996,
author = {Ridley, B. A. and Dye, J. E. and Walega, J. G. and Zheng, J. and Grahek, F. E. and Rison, W.},
title = {On the production of active nitrogen by thunderstorms over New Mexico},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D15},
year = {1996},
pages = {20985--1005},
abstract = {
In July and August of 1989 the National Center for Atmospheric Research
}
}
@article{rocco2002pre,
author = {Rocco, A. and Ebert, U. and Hundsdorfer, W.},
title = {Branching of negative streamers in free flight},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {66},
year = {2002},
abstract = {
We have recently shown that a negative streamer in a sufficiently high
}
}
@article{rodger1997,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Wait, J. R. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {Electromagnetic scattering from a group of thin conducting
cylinders},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
year = {1997},
pages = {907--12},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{rodger1998,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Wait, J. R. and Dowden, R. L. and Thomson, N.
R.},
title = {Radiating conducting columns inside the Earth-ionosphere
waveguide:},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {12},
year = {1998}
}
@article{rodger1998b,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Wait, J. R. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {Scattering of VLF from an experimentally described sprite},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {1998},
year = {1998}
}
@article{rodger1998c,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Wait, J. R. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {VLF scattering from red sprites-theory},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {1998},
year = {1998}
}
@article{rodger1998d,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Thomson, N. R. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {Testing the formulation of Park and Dejnakarintra to
calculate thunderstorm},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {A2},
year = {1998},
pages = {2171--8}
}
@article{rodger1998e,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Thomson, N. R. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {Are whistler ducts created by thunderstorm electrostatic
fields?},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {A2},
year = {1998},
pages = {2163--9}
}
@article{rodger1998f,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {Position determination of red sprites by scattering of VLF
subionospheric},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
year = {1998},
pages = {281--4}
}
@article{rodger2002,
author = {Rodger, C. J. and Clilverd, M. A. and Dowden, R. L.},
title = {D region reflection height modification by
whistler-induced electron},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {A7},
year = {2002},
pages = {SIA18--1-11}
}
@article{rodger2005anngeo,
author = {{Rodger}, C.~J. and {Brundell}, J.~B. and {Dowden}, R.~L.},
title = {{Location accuracy of VLF World-Wide Lightning Location (WWLL) network: Post-algorithm upgrade}},
journal = {Ann.\ Geophys.},
year = 2005,
month = {February},
volume = 23,
pages = {277-290},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005AnGeo..23..277R&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{rousseldupre1996,
author = {Roussel Dupre, R. and Gurevich, A. V.},
title = {On runaway breakdown and upward propagating discharges},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {A2},
year = {1996},
pages = {2297--311},
abstract = { The origins of mysterious gamma -ray and radio flashes
recently detected by satellite-based instruments passing
over thunderstorms are examined in the context of upward
propagating discharges initiated by runaway air breakdown.
Preliminary calculations normalized by the recent optical
measurements of so-called sprites indicate that the runaway
mechanism may well be the source of these emissions. If
this is true, then upward discharges represent the first
known manifestation of a fundamental, new process in plasma
physics. }
}
@article{rousseldupre1997jgr,
author = {Roussel Dupre, R. and Fitzgerald, T. J. and Symbalisty, E. and Blanc, E.},
title = {HF echoes from ionization potentially produced by
high-altitude discharges},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
volume = 102,
number = {A3},
year = 1997,
pages = {4613--4622}
}
@article{rousseldupre1998,
author = {Roussel Dupre, R. and Symbalisty, E. and Taranenko, Y. and
Yukhimuk, V.},
title = {Simulations of high-altitude discharges initiated by
runaway breakdown},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {1998},
year = {1998},
pages = {}
}
@article{rycroft2000,
author = {Rycroft, M. J. and Israelsson, S. and Price, C.},
title = {The global atmospheric electric circuit, solar activity
and climate change},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {62},
number = {17--18},
year = {2000},
pages = {1563--76},
abstract = { The study of the global atmospheric electric circuit has
advanced dramatically in the past 50 years. Large advances
have been made in the areas of lightning and thunderstorm
research. The authors now have satellites looking down on
the Earth continuously, supplying information on the
temporal and spatial variability of lightning and
thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are electric current
generators, which drive electric currents up through the
conducting atmosphere. They maintain the ionosphere at a
potential of ~+250 kV with respect to the Earth's surface.
The global electric circuit is completed by currents ~2
pA/m/sup 2/ flowing through the fair weather atmosphere,
remote from thunderstorms, and by transient currents due to
negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. The time
constant of the circuit, ~>2 min, demonstrates that
thunderstorms must occur continually to maintain the fair
weather electric field. New discoveries have been made in
the field of sprites, elves and blue jets, which may have a
direct impact on the global circuit. Our knowledge of the
global electric circuit modulated by solar effects has
improved. Changes to the global circuit are associated with
changes of conductivity linked with the time-varying
presence of energetic charged particles, and the solar wind
may influence the global electric circuit by inferred
effects on cloud microphysics, temperature, and dynamics in
the troposphere. We now have a better understanding of how
the conductivity of the atmosphere is influenced by
aerosols, and bow this impacts our measurements of the
fair-weather global circuit. }
}
@article{saba2000,
author = {Saba, MMF and Pinto, O and Pinto, IRCA and Mendes, O},
title = { Stratospheric balloon measurements of electric fields
associated with thunderstorms and lightning in Brazil },
journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES},
volume = {105},
number = {D14},
year = {2000},
pages = {18091--18097},
abstract = { Measurements of electric fields associated with
thunderstorms and lightning were obtained during two
balloon flights carrying double-probe electric field
detectors launched from Cachoeira Paulista (22 degrees
44'S, 44 degrees 56'W), Brazil, on January 26, 1994, and
March 23, 1995. From data obtained in 1994, a linear
relationship between the quasi-dc vertical electric field
peak amplitude and the decay time constant of lightning
signatures was found for negative flashes. The results are
compared to similar data for intracloud flashes. Based on
electric field data obtained in 1995 and on the present
knowledge about the differences between positive
cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes, two methods to
distinguish them at balloon altitudes are presented: The
first is based on an estimate of the destroyed charge in
the event; the second is based on the peak amplitude ratio
between the vertical quasi-de and the VLF electric field.
The behavior of the vertical quasi-de electri! }
}
@article{saosabbas2003grl,
author = {{Sao Sabbas}, F.~T. and {Sentman}, D.~D.},
title = {{Correction to ``Dynamical relationship of infrared cloudtop temperatures with occurrence rates of cloud-to-ground lightning and sprites''}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2003,
month = jul,
volume = 30,
pages = {26-1},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003GeoRL..30m..26S&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{saosabbas2003grlb,
author = {Sao Sabbas, F. T. and Sentman, D. D.},
title = {Dynamical relationship of infrared cloudtop temperatures with occurrence rates of cloud-to-ground lightning and sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {40--4},
abstract = {
We correlated cloudtop temperatures obtained from GOES-8 infrared images,
}
}
@article{saosabbas2003jastp,
author = {Sao Sabbas, F T and Sentman, D D and Wescott, E M and Pinto Jr., O and Mendes Jr., O and Taylor, MJ},
title = { Statistical analysis of space-time relationships between
sprites and lightning },
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {525--535},
abstract = { We present a detailed statistical analysis of the
association of 40 sprite events with lightning from the
parent thunderstorm. Both temporal and spatial criteria
were used to identify the parent cloud-to-ground (CG)
lightning. Sprite images were GPS time stamped and their
locations triangulated. In contrast to previous reports of
nearly one-to-one association of sprites with positive
cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning, 11 events (27\%) did not
have a +CG recorded by the National Lightning Detection
Network (NLDN), and 7 events (17\%) had neither NLDN nor
very low frequency (VLF) signatures associated with them. A
negative cloud-to-ground (-CG) preceded one of these events
by 9 ms. As expected for similar to16.7 ins integrated
images, none of the sprites without a +CG had any
discernible visual characteristic that would distinguish
them from }
}
@article{sato2003,
author = {Sato, M and Fukunishi, H and Kikuchi, M and Yamagishi, H
and Lyons, W, A.},
title = { Validation of sprite-inducing cloud-to-ground lightning
based on ELF observations at Syowa station in Antarctica },
journal = {JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {607--614},
abstract = { Waveform monitoring of ELF radio signals in the frequency
range of 1-400 Hz have been carried out on a routine basis
at Syowa station (69.0degreesS, 39.6degreesE in geographic
coordinates), Antarctica since February, 2000. The main
purpose of these observations is to monitor global
lightning activity and to locate lightning-induced sprites
and elves. The ELF observation system consisting of two
search coil sensors (geomagnetic north south (H) and cast
west (D) sensors) was installed at a remote unmanned
observatory in West Ongul Island located 5 km southwest
from Syowa station. As a back up system, the same system
was installed near Syowa station in East Ongul Island.
Signals from these sensors were digitally sampled at 1000
Hz with a GPS time code. On July 4, 2000 during the STEPS
(Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation
Studies) 2000 campaign carried out over the Great Plains in
the US, 57 sprite events were observed from Yucca Ridge
Field Station (40.7deg! }
}
@article{sato2003b,
author = {Sato, M. and Fukunishi, H.},
title = {Global sprite occurrence locations and rates derived from triangulation of},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {30},
number = {16},
year = {2003},
pages = {ASC10--1-4},
abstract = {
We estimated locations and rates of sprite occurrences on a global scale
}
}
@article{sato2005grl,
author = {{Sato}, M. and {Fukunishi}, H.},
title = {New evidence for a link between lightning activity and tropical upper cloud coverage},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
volume = 32,
pages = {12807-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL022865},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3212807S&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{seliga1,
author = {Seliga, T. A. and Sahr, J. D. and Holzworth, R. H.},
title = {Probing electric fields near sprites and jets using
multiparameter radar and chaff},
journal = {IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium. Remote Sensing for a Sustainable Future
Cat. No.96CH35875},
volume = {1},
year = {1},
abstract = { The discovery of electric discharges above thunderstorms
has generated intense scientific interest. Studies of these
`sprites' and `jets' have focused on their characterization
by optical and radio techniques, with radar measurements of
the causative storms providing insight into related
weather. The authors describe a method for investigating
the electric field structure above thunderstorms using
ground-based radar to observe chaff dispersed by rockets.
Slender conducting or dielectric chaff will generally align
itself with the ambient electric field. This alignment is
readily detected by appropriate configurations of
polarimetric radar(s) such as are now used in meteorology
to observe the nature and motion of hydrometeors. This is
especially convenient as it permits the thunderstorms
associated with sprites and jets to be characterized with
the same experimental facility. This paper renders a
preliminary examination of factors such experiments would
entail and features that a multiparameter radar might
utilize to probe chaff dispersed by small rockets.
Monostatic and bistatic radar measurements of scatter from
chaff provide a powerful tool to study electric fields
associated with sprites and jets as well as other
atmospheric electric fields. }
}
@article{sentman1995pp,
author = {Sentman, D. D. and Wescott, E. M.},
title = {Red sprites and blue jets: thunderstorm-excited optical
emissions in the},
journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
volume = {1995},
year = {1995},
pages = {2514--22},
abstract = { Low light level monochrome television observations
obtained from the ground }
}
@article{sentman2003jastp,
author = {Sentman, D. D. and Wescott, E. M. and Picard, R. H. and Winick, J. R. and Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C. and E.M Dewan and D.R. Moudry and F. T. Sao Sabbas and M.J. Heavner and J. Morrill},
title = {Simultaneous observations of mesospheric gravity waves and
sprites generated by a {Midwestern} thunderstorm},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sol.-Terr.\ Phys.},
volume = 65,
number = 5,
year = 2003,
pages = 537,
abstract = { The present report investigates using simultaneous
observations of }
}
@article{sergeichev2002,
author = {Sergeichev, KF and Sychev, IA},
title = { Air breakdown caused by runaway electrons under
conditions of electron cyclotron resonance: An experimental
model of generation of gigantic high-altitude discharges },
journal = {GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
year = {2002},
pages = {523--532},
abstract = { The breakdown of rarefied air under conditions of
electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) at a frequency of 2.45
GHz in a mirror trap is analyzed in order to find a runaway
electron breakdown (REB) regime considered as a mechanism
for generating gigantic discharges in the stratosphere-red
sprites. It has been found that both usual and anomalous
ECR discharges are observed in the region where pressures
are lower than 10(-3) torr. The anomalous discharge has
thresholds that are higher by a factor of 4-5 and generates
an intense pulse-modulated gamma-emission, which is a
bremsstrahlung for electrons accelerated to subrelativistic
energies of 100-300 keV in relatively weak microwave fields
of 5-20 V/cm. The gamma-emission is accompanied by
cyclotron radiation at the second harmonics of the
microwave generator frequency, which indicates that
electrons with energies of about 10 keV are present in the
system. The front of the anomalous ECR discharge
considerably-by not less than 80 m! }
}
@article{sharma2003,
author = {Sharma, D. K. and Rai, J. and Israil, M. and Subrahmanyam, P. and Chopra, P. and Garg, S. C.},
title = {Effects of lightning on ionospheric temperature determined by {SROSS-C2} satellite},
journal = {Indian Journal of Radio \& Space Physics},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
year = {2003},
pages = {93--7}
}
@article{singh2002,
author = {Singh, R. P. and Patel, R. P. and Singh, A. K. and Das, I.
M. L.},
title = {Lightning generated {ELF}, {VLF}, optical waves and their
diagnostic features},
journal = {Indian Journal of Physics, Part B},
volume = {76B},
number = {3},
year = {2002},
pages = {235--49},
abstract = { Recent observations of optical phenomena above an active
lightning discharge such as red sprites, blue jets, blue
starters and elves have refocused interest in this field
and its consequences. It is argued that during lightning
discharge ELF, VLF and optical emissions are generated.
Analyzing the recorded data it is clearly shown that
intense ELF generation from positive cloud to ground
lightning discharge is an indication of the presence of red
sprite. Daytime observation of red sprite is difficult and
hence ELF waves can work as an indicator. The diagnostic
features of ELF and VLF waves are also discussed and
interesting results based on the analysis of whistlers
recorded at Indian stations are presented. Recently,
association of VLF waves with earthquakes and red sprites
are reported. We have briefly summarized some results
related with these phenomena. }
}
@article{skamarock2003,
author = {Skamarock, W. C. and Dye, J. E. and Defer, E. and Barth, M. C. and Stith, J. L. and Ridley, B. A. and Baumann, K.},
title = {Observational- and modeling-based budget of lightning-produced NO/sub x/ in},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {108},
number = {D10},
year = {2003},
pages = {ACH1--1-11},
abstract = {
NO/sub x/ transport and production by lightning for 10 July 1996
}
}
@article{smirnova2000,
author = {Smirnova, E. I. and Mareev, E. A.and Chugunov, Yu. V.},
title = {Modeling of lightning generated electric field
transitional processes},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {27},
number = {23},
year = {2000},
pages = {3833--6},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{stanley2000,
author = {Stanley, M. and Brook, M. and Krehbiel, P. and Cummer, S.A.},
title = { Detection of daytime sprites via a unique sprite ELF
signature },
journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
volume = {27},
number = {6},
year = {2000},
pages = {871--874},
abstract = { On August 14, 1998, 3 separate daytime sprite events were
detected via a unique extremely low frequency (ELF) sprite
signature. The onset of the sprite ELF signatures was
delayed by 11.0-13.2 ms from positive cloud-to-ground
strokes which had attained exceptionally large charge
moment (charge times height) changes of 3900-6100 C.km. It
is shown that a charge moment change of 6100 C.km may have
been sufficient for conventional breakdown at similar or
equal to 54 km altitude, assuming an experimentally
measured ion: conductivity profile of Holzworth et al.,
[1985]. The daytime sprites themselves contained unusually
large charge moment changes of similar or equal to 2800
C.km, similar or equal to 1200 C.km, and similar or equal
to 910 C.km. }
}
@article{stark1996,
author = {Stark, M. S. and Harrison, J. T. H. and Anastasi, C.},
title = {Formation of nitrogen oxides by electrical discharges and implications for},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D3},
year = {1996},
pages = {6963--9},
abstract = {
The mechanism of production of nitrogen oxides by electrical discharges has
}
}
@article{staudt2002,
author = {Staudt, A. C. and Jacob, D. J. and Logan, J. A. and Bachiochi, D. and Krishnamurti, T.},
title = {Global chemical model analysis of biomass burning and lightning influences},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {D14},
year = {2002},
pages = {ACH11--1-17},
abstract = {
A global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry driven by
}
}
@article{stenbaeknielsen2000,
author = {Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C. and Moudry, D. R. and Wescott, E.
M. and Sentman, D. D. and Sao Sabbas, F. T.},
title = {Sprites and possible mesospheric effects},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {27},
number = {23},
year = {2000},
pages = {3829--32},
abstract = { Images of sprites have been recorded at 1 ms resolution
revealing several new sprite properties. Sprites appear to
occur in a highly structured mesosphere, and the authors
suggest that the cause of some of this structure is the
sprite activity itself. Evidence is seen in events where a
subsequent nearby sprite appears to re-activate the volume
of a previous sprite, in sprites where tendrils and
branches develop away from the normally observed vertical
direction, and in beads that lasts much longer that the
parent sprite. Sprites can be large with horizontal widths
of more than 40 km and can extend from the clouds up to the
lower ionosphere thus affecting a large volume of the
atmosphere. The total horizontal area of sprites during one
storm over Nebraska was a significant fraction of the area
covered by the associated thunderstorm raising the
possibility of larger scale measurable mesospheric effects.
}
}
@article{stith1999,
author = {Stith, J. and Dye, J. and Ridley, B. and Laroche, P. and Defer, E. and Baumann, K. and Hubler, G. and Zerr, R. and Venticinique, M.},
title = {NO signatures from lightning flashes},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {D13},
year = {1999},
pages = {16081--9},
abstract = {
In situ measurements of cloud properties, NO, and other trace gases were
}
}
@article{su2002,
author = {Han Tzong Su and Rue Ron Hsu and Chen, A. B. C. and Yi Jen
Lee and Lou Chuang Lee},
title = {Observation of sprites over the Asian continent and over
oceans around Taiwan},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
year = {2002},
pages = {3--1-4},
abstract = { Sprites were observed over thunderstorms in the southern
China and in oceans around Taiwan. The observation sites
were on the Ali Mountain of Taiwan's Central Ridge area
with an altitude of 2413 m and in the campus of National
Cheng Kung University with an altitude of 50 m. For the
observed land sprites, 90\% of them were either carrots or
columniforms and 64\% of the sprites occurred in groups.
Among the observed oceanic sprites, 89\% of them were
carrots but only 22\% of the sprites occurred in groups. We
define a sprite active system as a thunderstorm that
continuously produces at least one sprite in a 10-minute
interval. The active sprites generating periods for the
observed thunderstorms were typically shorter than 30
minutes. The sprite production rates for these Asian
thunderstorms are estimated to be between I
approximately=2*10/sup -4/ events/km/sup 2//hr and I
approximately=1*10/sup -3/ events/km/sup 2//hr. }
}
@article{su2003,
author = {Su, H. T. and Hsu, R. R. and Chen, A. B. and Wang, Y. C.
and Hsiao, W. S. and Lai, W. C. and Lee, L. C. and Sato, M.
and Fukunishi, H.},
title = {Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere},
journal = {Nature },
volume = {423},
number = {6943},
year = {2003},
pages = {974--6},
abstract = { Transient luminous events in the atmosphere, such as
lighting-induced sprites and upwardly discharging blue
jets, were discovered recently in the region between
thunderclouds and the ionosphere. In the conventional
picture, the main components of Earth's global electric
circuit include thunderstorms, the conducting ionosphere,
the downward fair-weather currents and the conducting
Earth. Thunderstorms serve as one of the generators that
drive current upward from cloud tops to the ionosphere,
where the electric potential is hundreds of kilovolts
higher than Earth's surface. It has not been clear,
however, whether all the important components of the global
circuit have even been identified. Here we report
observations of five gigantic jets that establish a direct
link between a thundercloud (altitude ~ 16 km) and the
ionosphere at 90 km elevation. Extremely-low-frequency
radio waves in four events were detected, while no
cloud-to-ground lightning was observed to trigger these
events. Our result indicates that the
extremely-low-frequency waves were generated by negative
cloud-to-ionosphere discharges, which would reduce the
electrical potential between ionosphere and ground.
Therefore, the conventional picture of the global electric
circuit needs to be modified to include the contributions
of gigantic jets and possibly sprites. }
}
@article{sukhorukov1996,
author = {Sukhorukov, A. I. and Mishin, E. V. and Stubbe, P. and
Rycroft, M. J.},
title = {On blue jet dynamics},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {13},
year = {1996},
pages = {1625--8},
abstract = { A model is proposed for blue jets [Sentman and Wescott,
1995 and Wescott et al., 1995], which explains their
dynamics, in particular the jet vertical velocity of about
100 km/s, the terminal altitudes of about 40-50 km, and the
competitive occurrence of blue jets and the recently
discovered blue starters [Wescott et al., 1995]. A blue jet
is considered to be formed by an attachment-controlled
ionizing wave, which moves upward via an electron avalanche
in the wavefront due to the mainly vertical, downward
directed quasi-electrostatic field, caused by the
extraordinarily large (>100 degrees C) charge transfer in a
high-altitude intracloud discharge or in a positive
cloud-to-ground discharge with a long continuing current. }
}
@article{sukhorukov1996grl,
author = {{Sukhorukov}, A.~I. and {Rudenchik}, E.~A. and {Stubbe}, P.},
title = {{Simulation of the strong lightning pulse penetration into the lower ionosphere}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 1996,
volume = 23,
pages = {2911-2914},
doi = {10.1029/96GL02881},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996GeoRL..23.2911S&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{sukhorukov1997,
author = {Sukhorukov, A. I. and Stubbe, P.},
title = {On ELF pulses from remote lightnings triggering sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {13},
year = {1997},
pages = {1639--42},
abstract = { ELF waveforms at large distances from strong CG
(cloud-to-ground) discharges are evaluated in the framework
of Greifinger's night-time propagation model. It is shown
that if the CG discharges triggering red sprites involve,
as now generally accepted, >/sub ~/10/sup 2/ C of charge
then they should generate remote ELF atmospherics with
considerably larger magnitudes than measured in the upper
ELF (>300 Hz) range. }
}
@article{sukhorukov1997grl,
author = {{Sukhorukov}, A.~I. and {Stubbe}, P.},
title = {{Excitation of the ionospheric Alfven resonator by strong lightning discharges}},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 1997,
volume = 24,
pages = {829-832},
doi = {10.1029/97GL00807},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1997GeoRL..24..829S&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{sukhorukov1998jatp,
author = {{Sukhorukov}, A.~I. and {Stubbe}, P.},
title = {{Problems of blue jet theories}},
journal = {J.\ Atmos.\ Terr.\ Phys.},
year = 1998,
month = may,
volume = 60,
pages = {725-732},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1998JATP...60..725S&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{surkov2005jgr,
author = {{Surkov}, V.~V. and {Molchanov}, O.~A. and {Hayakawa}, M. and
{Fedorov}, E.~N.},
title = {Excitation of the ionospheric resonance cavity by thunderstorms},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 2005,
month = apr,
volume = 110,
number = {A9},
pages = {4308-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JA010850},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005JGRA..11004308S&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{suszcynsky1999,
author = {Suszcynsky, D. M. and Strabley, R. and Roussel Dupre, R. and
Symbalisty, E. M. D.},
title = {Video and photometric observations of a sprite in
coincidence with a meteor},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {104},
number = {D24},
year = {1999},
pages = {31361--7},
abstract = { Video and photometric observations of a meteor-triggered
}
}
@conference{tonev2003,
author = {Tonev, PT and Velinov, PIY},
title = { Quasi-electrostatic fields in the near-earth space
produced by lightning and generation of runaway electrons
in ionosphere },
booktitle = {ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {6},
abstract = { Strong quasi-electrostatic fields (QESF) are generated in
the ionosphere after positive lightning discharges by a
succeeding redistribution of the induced spatial charges.
These fields cause significant heating and modifications of
both electron density and electric conductivity in the
ionosphere. It is established that they also cause red
sprites. According to recent observations, studying of
initial period of QESF development is important for
understanding sprite onset mechanisms. In the present paper
QESF are modeled in these periods and the influence of
different conditions on their structure is analyzed. First
the structures of quasi-DC electric fields preceding a
lightning discharge are investigated. The dependence of
these structures on the magnetic field local orientation is
taken into account by considering two latitudinal cases,
corresponding to high and equatorial latitudes
respectively. This is done analytically for each case. Then
QESF are modeled which inten! }
}
@article{symbalisty2000,
author = {Symbalisty, E. M. D. and Roussel Dupre, R. A. and ReVelle, D.
O. and Suszcynsky, D.},
title = {Meteor trails and columniform sprites},
journal = {Icarus },
volume = {148},
number = {1},
year = {2000},
pages = {65--79},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{symbalisty3,
author = {Symbalisty, E. and Roussel Dupre, R. and Yukhimuk, V. and
Taranenko, Y.},
title = {High altitude atmospheric discharges according to the
runaway air breakdown mechanism},
journal = {XXIII International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized
Gases, ICPIG Proceedings. Contributed Papers},
volume = {3},
year = {3},
abstract = { High altitude optical transients-red sprites, blue jets,
and elves-are modeled in the context of the relativistic
electron runaway air breakdown mechanism. These emissions
are usually with large mesoscale convective systems
(hereafter MCS). In thunderstorms cloud electrification
proceeds over time scale long enough to permit the
conducting atmosphere above the cloud to polarize and short
out the thunderstorm electric field. When a lightning
strike rapidly neutralizes a cloud charge layer runaway
driving fields can develop in the stratosphere and
mesosphere. According to the authors' simulations of the
full runaway process the variety of observed optical
emissions are due to the nature of the normal lightning
event in the MCS that kick starts the runaway avalanche.
The authors describe some details of the model, present the
results of the evolution of the primary electron
population, and summarize the initial conditions necessary
for different types of discharges. Two companion papers
present: (a) the predicted optical, gamma ray, and radio
emissions caused by these electrical discharges, and (b)
the time evolution of the secondary electron population and
its implications in terms of observables. }
}
@article{talbot2000,
author = {Talbot, R. W. and Dibb, J. E. and Scheuer, E. M. and Bradshaw, J. D. and Sandholm, S.},
title = {Tropospheric reactive odd nitrogen over the South Pacific in austral},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {105},
number = {D5},
year = {2000},
pages = {6681--94},
abstract = {
The distribution of reactive nitrogen species over the South Pacific during
}
}
@article{taranenko1996,
author = {Taranenko, Y. and Roussel Dupre, R.},
title = {High altitude discharges and gamma-ray flashes: a
manifestation of runaway air breakdown},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {5},
year = {1996},
pages = {571--4},
abstract = { gamma -ray flashes of atmospheric origin as well as blue
jets and red sprites are naturally explained by
high-altitude discharges produced by runaway air breakdown.
The authors present the first detailed model of the
development of upward propagating discharges and compute
optical and gamma -ray emissions that are in excellent
agreement with observations. According to their theory,
such discharges represent the first known manifestation of
runaway air breakdown, a fundamental new process in plasma
physics. }
}
@article{taranenko3,
author = {Taranenko, Y. and Roussel Dupre, R. and Yukhimuk, V. and
Symbalisty, E.},
title = {Generation of elves by sprites and jets},
journal = {XXIII International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized
Gases, ICPIG Proceedings. Contributed Papers},
volume = {3},
year = {3},
abstract = { Recent years of observations of the upper atmosphere and
the lower ionosphere brought a fascinating collection of
new phenomena including optical, radio, and gamma-ray
emissions originating in the 20 to 90 km altitude range. Up
to now, the most diverse phenomenology has emerged from the
optical observations which have led to the identification
of red sprites, blue jets, blue starters and elves. Most of
the previous studies have concentrated on relating such
phenomena in the upper atmosphere to regular lightning
discharges in the troposphere. For example, sprites and
jets are believed to be optical manifestations of
electrical discharges in the upper atmosphere caused by
quasi-electrostatic fields penetrating to high altitudes
during a regular lightning discharge. The sprite/jet
discharge itself can be caused by the runaway air breakdown
or regular air breakdown. The standard theory for optical
airglow transients in the lower ionosphere above the
thunderstorms also known as elves suggests that they are
produced during interaction of electromagnetic pulses (EMP)
from lightning with the lower ionosphere. Heating of the
ambient electrons by the EMP in the D-region can result in
excitation of optical emissions once the optical excitation
thresholds are reached. In this paper the authors suggest
that in addition to this mechanism elves can be caused by
an EMP generated by sprites and jets. If sprites and jets
are indeed accompanied by electrical discharges then some
energy of their EMPs reaches to the ionosphere and heats
ambient electrons there that in turn stimulates optical
emissions similar to EMPs from regular lightning. }
}
@article{thomas2005grlb,
author = {{Thomas}, J.~N. and {Holzworth}, R.~H. and {McCarthy}, M.~P. and
{Pinto}, O.},
title = {Lightning sferics and stroke-delayed pulses measured in the stratosphere: Implications for mesospheric currents},
journal = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
year = 2005,
month = nov,
volume = 32,
pages = {22807-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL024629},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005GeoRL..3222807T&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{thottappillil1997,
author = {Thottappillil, R. and Rakov, V. A. and Uman, M. A.},
title = {Distribution of charge along the lightning channel: relation to remote},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {102},
number = {D6},
year = {1997},
pages = {6987--7006},
abstract = {
The authors derive exact expressions for remote electric and magnetic fields
}
}
@article{tie2001jgr,
author = {Xuexi Tie and Renyi Zhang and Brasseur, G. and Emmons, L. and Wenfang Lei},
title = {Effects of lightning on reactive nitrogen and nitrogen reservoir species in},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {D3},
year = {2001},
pages = {3167--78},
abstract = {
The impact of lightning on tropospheric reactive nitrogen NO/sub x/
}
}
@article{tierney2005jgr,
author = {{Tierney}, H.~E. and {Roussel-Dupr{\'e}}, R.~A. and {Symbalisty}, E.~M.~D. and
{Beasley}, W.~H.},
title = {Radio frequency emissions from a runaway electron avalanche model compared with intense, transient signals from thunderstorms},
journal = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
volume = 110,
number = {D9},
pages = {12109-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD005381},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005JGRD..11012109T&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@conference{takahashi2000,
author = {Takahashi, Y. and Fujito, M. and Watanabe, Y. and Fukunishi,
H. and Lyons, W.A.},
title = {Temporal and spatial variations in the intensity ratio of
N-2 1st and 2nd positive bands in SPRITES },
booktitle = {ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH},
volume = {26},
number = {8},
year = {2000},
pages = {4},
abstract = { In order to investigate the spatial and temporal
variations of sprites and elves and their spectral
structures, we have carried out photometric observations
during the SPRITES' 97 campaign using two multi-anode array
photometers (MAPs). Each MAP has 5 fields of view arrayed
in vertical and a time resolution of 52 ps, which enables
us to detect the rapid vertical motion of sprites/elves.
Since the emissions of sprites and elves mainly consist of
the Ist and 2nd positive bands of N-2, the intensity ratio
of these bands gives us information on the energy
distribution of electrons which excite N-2 molecules via
collision processes. Thus, one of the MAP instrument with
an optical sharp cut filter was used to measure only the
N-2 Ist positive band emissions in the wavelength range of
560 - 800 nm, while the other MAP without a filter was used
to measure both the N-2 Ist and 2nd positive band emissions
in the range 350 - 800 nm. Comparing the data from these
two MAPs, we estimat! }
}
@article{tong2005eps,
author = {{Tong}, L. and {Nanbu}, K. and {Fukunishi}, H.},
title = {{Numerical analysis of initiation of gigantic jets connecting thunderclouds to the ionosphers}},
journal = {Earth, Planets, and Space},
year = 2004,
month = nov,
volume = 56,
pages = {1059-1065},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004EP%26S...56.1059T&db_key=AST},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{trakhtengerts2002,
author = {Trakhtengerts, V. Y. and Iudin, D. I. and Kulchitsky, A. V. and Hayakawa, M.},
title = {Kinetics of runaway electrons in a stochastic electric
field},
journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
year = {2002},
pages = {2762--6}
}
@article{trakhtengertz1997,
author = {Trakhtengertz, V. Yu. and Mareev, E. A. and Sorokin, A. E.},
title = {Electrodynamics of a convective cloud},
journal = {Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics},
volume = {40},
number = {1--2},
year = {1997},
pages = {77--86}
}
@article{valdivia1997,
author = {Valdivia, J. A. and Milikh, G. and Papadopoulos, K.},
title = {Red sprites: lightning as a fractal antenna},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {24},
number = {24},
year = {1997},
pages = {3169--72},
abstract = { A new and improved model of red sprites is presented.
Emphasis is placed in accounting for the puzzling
observation of the spatial structure in the red sprite's
optical emissions. The model relies upon a horizontal
fractal lightning discharge, which generates the EMPs that
excites the optical emissions in the lower ionosphere. It
is shown that the fractal model may account for the
observed sprite's spatially structured optical pattern,
while reducing the typical charge threshold to
approximately 100 C. }
}
@article{valdivia1998,
author = {Valdivia, J. A. and Milikh, G. M. and Papadopoulos, K.},
title = {Model of red sprites due to intracloud fractal lightning
discharges},
journal = {Radio Science},
volume = {33},
number = {6},
year = {1998},
pages = {1655--68},
abstract = { A new and improved model of red sprites is presented.
Emphasis is placed on }
}
@article{valdivia2003,
author = {Valdivia, JA},
title = { Lightning induced optical emissions in the ionosphere },
journal = {SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS},
volume = {107},
number = {1-2},
year = {2003},
pages = {273--291},
abstract = { A discussion of lightning induced optical emissions in
the ionosphere is presented. Emphasis is placed on
accounting for the puzzling observation of the spatial
structure in the optical emissions and the Sprite 'seeding'
before the development of the 'tendrils' (or streamers). In
this context we discuss the generation of spatial
brightness variations, within the required lightning
parameter thresholds, due to spatio-temporal electric
fields and spatial neutral density perturbations. }
}
@article{wauben1998,
author = {Wauben, W. M. F. and Fortuin, J. P. F. and van Velthoven, P. F. J. and Kelder, H. M.},
title = {Comparison of modeled ozone distributions with sonde and satellite},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {103},
number = {D3},
year = {1998},
pages = {3511--30},
abstract = {
The global distribution of ozone in the troposphere and lower stratosphere
}
}
@article{wenyihu2002,
author = {Wenyi Hu and Cummer, S. A. and Lyons, W. A. and Nelson, T.
E.},
title = {Lightning charge moment changes for the initiation of
sprites},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {29},
number = {8},
year = {2002},
pages = {120--4},
abstract = { The transient ELF (~50-5000 Hz) magnetic field radiated
by lightning }
}
@article{wescott1995,
author = {Wescott, E. M. and Sentman, D. and Osborne, D. and Hampton, D. and
Heavner, M.},
title = {Preliminary results from the Sprites94 aircraft campaign.
2. Blue jets},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
year = {1995},
pages = {1209--12},
abstract = { For pt.1 see ibid., vol.22, no.10, p.1205-8 (1995).
Initial observations of }
}
@article{wescott1996,
author = {Wescott, E. M. and Sentman, D. D. and Heavner, M. J. and
Hallinan, T. J. and Hampton, D.},
title = {The optical spectrum of aircraft St. Elmo's fire},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {25},
year = {1996},
pages = {3687--90},
abstract = { On February 26, 1995, during a NASA sponsored mission to
Peru to study red }
}
@article{wescott1996b,
author = {Wescott, E. M. and Sentman, D. D. and Heavner, M. J. and
Hampton, D. L. and Osborne, D.},
title = {Blue starters: brief upward discharges from an intense
Arkansas thunderstorm},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {23},
number = {16},
year = {1996},
pages = {2153--6},
abstract = { Documents the first observations of a new stratospheric
electrical }
}
@article{wescott1998jastp,
author = {Wescott, E. M. and Sentman, D. D. and Heavner, M. J. and
Hampton, D. L. and Lyons, W.},
title = {Observations of ''columniform'' sprites},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
year = {1998},
pages = {733-740},
abstract = { This paper reports observations of a distinctive form of
sprites associated }
}
@article{wescott1998jastpb,
author = {Wescott, E. M. and Sentman, D. D. and Heavner, M. J. and
Hampton, D. L. and Vaughan, O.},
title = {Blue jets: their relationship to lightning and very large
hailfall, and physical mechanisms for their production},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
year = {1998},
pages = {713--724},
abstract = { Blue jets are narrow cones of blue light that appear to
propagate upward }
}
@article{wescott2001jgrbb,
author = {Wescott, E. M. and Stenbaek Nielsen, H. C. and Sentman, D.
D. and Heavner, M. J.},
title = {Triangulation of sprites, associated halos and their
possible relation to},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {106},
number = {A6},
year = {2001},
pages = {10467--77},
abstract = { Sprite halos have been identified as an impulsive but
spatially diffuse }
}
@article{williams1998,
author = {Williams, E. R.},
title = {The positive charge reservoir for sprite-producing
lightning},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {7--9},
year = {1998},
pages = {689--92},
abstract = { The close association of mesospheric sprites with
positive ground flashes has led to the frequent assumption
that positive charge is transferred from the top of a
thunderstorm with positive-over-negative charge structure,
from an altitude of 10 km or higher. Electrical and
meteorological observations are reviewed which support a
different picture: sprites are produced by laterally
extensive mesoscale convective systems (MCS) in which the
positive charge reservoir predominates in the 4-6 km ranges
of altitude. The behaviour of the surface electric field
during the End-of-Storm Oscillation and the behaviour of
the vertical electric field above MCS during positive
ground flashes both suggest a predominant in-cloud dipole
moment with opposite polarity to that of the ordinary
thundercloud. Lightning charge transfers of a few hundred
Coulombs from the 4-6 km height range may be required for
consistency with theories for sprite optical intensity and
to account for ELF Q-burst intensity. }
}
@article{williams2001,
author = {Williams, E. R.},
title = {Sprites, elves, and glow discharge tubes},
journal = {Physics Today},
volume = {54},
number = {11},
year = {2001},
pages = {41--7},
abstract = { The venerable field of gaseous electronics underlies the
understanding of a }
}
@article{winckler1995,
author = {Winckler, J. R.},
title = {Further observations of cloud-ionosphere electrical
discharges above thunderstorms},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {100},
number = {D7},
year = {1995},
pages = {14335--45},
abstract = { During the night of 9-10 August 1993 more than 150
luminous cloud-ionosphere discharges (CIs) were observed
above a thunderstorm complex moving SE across the state of
Iowa. Images of the CIs were obtained through clear air by
intensified CCD TV cameras at the O'Brien Observatory of
the University of Minnesota located about 60 km NE of
Minneapolis and 250-500 km from the storm center. The
discharges consisted of bright vertical striations
extending from 50-80 km altitude, often covering tens of
kilometers laterally, with tendrils of decreasing intensity
visible for the brighter events down to cloud tops below 20
km altitude. All the more intense CIs were coincident with
a VLF sferic in the 300 Hz-12 kHz range, but small events
often did not yield a detectable sferic. There is no
unambiguous evidence that CIs were sources of sferics. Some
of the CIs were observed to be coincident with a cloud
brightening and with a cloud-ground stroke recorded by the
National Lightning Detection Network. The duration of the
images was generally less than one TV field (<16.7 ms).
Many of these discharges have now been observed by the
space shuttle, by aircraft-borne TV cameras and a large
number by a ground-based camera observations in Colorado.
The present results are compared with these observations
and recent theoretical ideas related to the CI events are
discussed. It is proposed that CIs arise from intense
bursts of cloud electrification and may follow the
preexisting paths of cloud-to-ionosphere thunderstorm
currents. }
}
@article{winckler1996,
author = {Winckler, J. R. and Lyons, W. A. and Nelson, T. E. and
Nemzek, R. J.},
title = {New high-resolution ground-based studies of sprites},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D3},
year = {1996},
pages = {6997--7004},
abstract = { New observations of sprites (cloud-ionosphere luminous
discharges above thunderstorms) were made from the Yucca
Ridge Field Station 20 km northeast of Fort Collins,
Colorado, on the night of July 11-12, 1994, as part of a
summer 1994 observing campaign. The sprites appeared above
a moderate mesoscale convective complex mostly over Kansas
at a range of about 270 km. The sprites were observed with
both wide-field and telescopic image-intensified CCD TV
cameras, a telescopic photometer system, and a 1- to 50-kHz
band VLF sferics receiver. This paper is based on five 1-s
data intervals containing bright sprites, smaller sprites,
and cloud and sky flashes. Telescopic TV images of bright
sprites had a fan-shaped upper plume with very fine
features not well resolved by the TV, but dendritic (upward
forked) and vertically striated forms adjacent to these
plumes and bright points of luminosity around the
plume-shaped regions. Many sprites consisted entirely of
groups of vertically aligned striations which sometimes
appeared to diverge from a common point of origin at cloud
tops. All sprites in the present data sample were preceded
by a cloud to ground (CG) stroke with a coincident sferic
and sky flash. All CG strokes associated with sprites were
positive, and most were 100 kA or more inferred peak
current. From the photometer, the duration of the
CG-induced sky flashes was about 3 ms and the additional
sprite total light curve was also about 3 ms. The puzzling
feature that the total duration of TV images of sprites was
often longer than the photometric values is discussed and
an explanation given. The sprites were attributed to strong
negative charging, following the positive CG stroke, of a
localized cloud top region which produced an intense
electric field and a luminous discharge in the
cloud-ionosphere region. The concept of }
}
@article{winckler1998,
author = {Winckler, J. R.},
title = {Optical and VLF radio observations of sprites over a
frontal storm viewed from O'Brien Observatory of the
University of Minnesota},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {60},
number = {7--9},
year = {1998},
pages = {679--88},
abstract = { Video images, and photometric and VLF data, were obtained
by the University of Minnesota SKYFLASH system of 38
`sprite' events associated with a strong frontal system
located in the upper midwest, U.S.A., on 20-21 June 1996.
Besides two image-intensified TV cameras, the SKYFLASH
system included telescopic photometers sensitive to
Rayleigh scattered lightning flashes by viewing the zenith
over the station (O'Brien Observatory, University of
Minnesota, about 40 km NE of Minneapolis-St Paul) and also
several VLF channels with 300 Hz to 10 kHz bandwidth for
recording the electromagnetic `sferics'. The sprites
covered a wide range of sizes, from small kilometer-size
filaments to huge luminous objects 50-60 km in lateral
dimension. All the sprites appeared to consist of bundles
of filaments, and always followed-within several ms-a
`trigger' could-ground discharge which, in 35 of the 38
events, was positive. It is difficult to find physical
mechanisms that explain this positive stroke preference.
The larger events reached from 80 km almost to cloud tops,
but the small events were localized near 60 km altitude,
which is the `bright' region of sprite luminosity, a fact
also not well explained theoretically. The filamentary
structure of sprites also presents challenges to explain.
Of about a dozen lightning storms observed with SKYFLASH in
the period from 1993 to 1996 in the upper midwest, only two
had an appreciable number of sprites. }
}
@article{winterrath1999,
author = {Winterrath, T. and Kurosu, T. P. and Richter, A. and Burrows, J. P.},
title = {Enhanced O/sub 3/ and NO/sub 2/ in thunderstorm clouds: convection or},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
year = {1999},
pages = {1291--4},
abstract = {
Ground based zenith sky measurements of O/sub 3/ and NO/sub 2/ slant optical
}
}
@article{yair2003,
author = {Yair, Y. and Price, C. and Levin, Z. and Joseph, J. and
Israelevitch, P. and Devir, A.},
title = {Sprite observations from the Space Shuttle during the
Mediterranean Israeli},
journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics},
volume = {65},
number = {5},
year = {2003},
pages = {635},
abstract = {
}
}
@article{yatsevich2005rqe,
author = {{Yatsevich}, E.~I. and {Shvets}, A.~V. and {Rabinowich}, L.~M. and
{Nickolaenko}, A.~P. and {Belyaev}, G.~G. and {Schekotov}, A.~Y.},
title = {Results of Comparing Schumann-Resonance Observations with the Model of a Single Global Thunderstorm Center},
journal = {Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics},
year = 2005,
month = apr,
volume = 48,
pages = {254-267},
doi = {10.1007/s11141-005-0066-x},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005R%26QE...48..254Y&db_key=PHY},
adsnote = {Provided by the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@article{yukhimuk1999,
author = {Yukhimuk, V. and Roussel Dupre, R. A. and Symbalisty, E.
M. D.},
title = {On the temporal evolution of red sprites: runaway theory
versus data},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
year = {1999},
pages = {679--82},
abstract = { The results of numerical simulations of red sprite
discharges, namely the temporal evolutions of optical
emissions, are presented and compared with observations.
The simulations are done using the recently recalculated
runaway avalanche rates. The temporal evolution of these
simulations is in good agreement with ground-based
photometer and CCD TV camera observations of red sprites.
The authors' model naturally explains the }
}
@article{yukhimuk3,
author = {Yukhimuk, V. and Roussel Dupre, R. and Symbalisty, E. and
Taranenko, Y.},
title = {Optical, radio and X-ray radiation of red sprites produced
by runaway air breakdown},
journal = {XXIII International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized
Gases, ICPIG Proceedings. Contributed Papers},
volume = {3},
year = {3},
pages = {},
abstract = { We use the runaway air breakdown model of upward
discharges to calculate optical, radio, and X-ray radiation
generated by red sprites. }
}
@article{zabotin2001,
author = {Zabotin, N.A. and Wright, J.W.},
title = { Role of meteoric dust in sprite formation},
journal = {GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
volume = {28},
number = {13},
year = {2001},
pages = {2593--2596},
abstract = {We show that ubiquitous small conducting particles of
meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere may
explain some features of sprite occurrence and fine
structure. The main processes involved are: electrostatic
field amplification by microspires on the dust surface}
}
@article{zahn2002,
author = {Zahn, A. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and Crutzen, P. J. and Parrish, D. D. and Sueper, D. and Heinrich, G. and Gusten, H. and Fischer, H. and Hermann, M. and Heintzenberg,-J.},
title = {Electrical discharge source for tropospheric "ozone-rich transients"},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {107},
number = {D22},
year = {2002},
pages = {ACH16--1-9},
abstract = {
In situ trace gas (O/sub 3/, NO, NO/sub 2/, NO/sub y/) and ultrafine aerosol
}
}
@article{zhang2000,
author = {Zhang, R. and Sanger, N. T. and Orville, R. E. and Xuexi Tie and Randel, W. and Williams, E. R.},
title = {Enhanced NO/sub x/ by lightning in the upper troposphere and lower},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
year = {2000},
pages = {685--8},
abstract = {
This paper reveals a possible connection between lightning activity and the
}
}
@article{zheng1996,
author = {Zheng, J. and Weinheimer, A. J. and Ridley, B. A. and Liu, S. C. and Sachse, G. W. and},
title = {Analysis of small- and large-scale increases of reactive nitrogen observed},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {101},
number = {D22},
year = {1996},
pages = {28805--16},
abstract = {
An analysis of the data obtained during AASE II was made to characterize
}
}
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